Liquid cooling

Technical guideFree to read

Vertiv · 2025

Vertiv 360AI High Density Reference Design #020: 6x 1.2 MW NVIDIA DGX SuperPODs (GB200 NVL72)

Make the capacity block a first-class object: block = UPS group + PDUs + CDUs + chillers sized for N pods, so no power is stranded.

• Cooling UPS 240 kVA 2N (schematic shows 600 kVA A/B).

ElectricalUPSLiquid cooling

Technical guideFree to read

Vertiv · 2025

Vertiv 360AI High Density Reference Design #027: 2x NVIDIA Blackwell DGX SuperPOD (GB300 NVL72)

Implement mechanical UPS sizing explicitly: mechUpsKw = sum of CDU pump kW + CRAH fan kW for every unit that must ride through; default about 20 kW per 1.35 MW CDU (roughly 1.5% of liquid load) and about 17 kW per CRAH.

• Cooling split 77% liquid / 23% air.

ElectricalUPSLiquid cooling

Technical guideFree to read

Vertiv · 2025

Vertiv 360AI High Density Reference Designs #028/#030: 5 MW and 10 MW at up to 142 kW per rack

In the campus planner define the 2,496 kW pod as a repeatable block; when the user picks N blocks, multiply UPS, CDU and chiller counts by the block count.

• #030: 9,984 kW IT, 128 racks; #028: 4,992 kW IT, 64 racks

ElectricalUPSLiquid cooling

Technical guideFree to read

Vertiv · 2024

Vertiv High Density Reference Design for AI #0019: 1.2 MW NVIDIA GB200 NVL72 SuperPOD (N redundancy)

In the layout engine add 200 mm to rack depth for liquid-cooled AI racks; manifolds and hoses do not fit standard depth.

• Mechanical UPS 250 kVA (second unit for 2N)

ElectricalUPSLiquid cooling

White paperFree to read

Schneider Electric · 2026

Water Usage at AI Scale: Insights from a 100 MW Comparative Analysis

Compute and display WUE (L/kWh IT) next to PUE for every cooling design.

• Dallas WUE falls from 0.42 to 0.22 L/kWh; Paris from 0.12 to 0.06 L/kWh.

WaterLiquid coolingPerformance metrics

StandardFree to read

ASHRAE TC 9.9 · 2019

Water-Cooled Servers: Common Designs, Components, and Processes

Enforce TCS supplyTemp >= roomDewPoint + 2 degC.

• pH: FWS 7-9; TCS 8.0-9.5.

Liquid coolingWaterCooling

White paperPDF

Open Compute Project Foundation · 2023

White Paper: Guidelines to Rack Manifold Requirements and Qualification

Write MAWP with at least 3x burst pressure, the 17-65 C operating and -40 to 75 C shipping ranges and the 1.5 m/s velocity limit into the manifold specification; because the range is based on ASHRAE W45, ask suppliers for a higher rating if a warmer-water strategy is planned.

• Shelf life is 5 years and service life is 10 years.

Liquid coolingRacksCommissioning

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Open Compute Project Foundation · 2026

Whitepaper: Thermal Boundaries in AI Infrastructure - Matching cooling technologies to compute through the power inflection, Version 1.00 (October 2026)

Choose cooling architecture against target rack power and each method's usable envelope: a 45 kW air ceiling (60-80 kW with rear doors), 120-250 kW class cold-plate racks, and the paper's anchor values for announced 600 kW-class racks.

• Practical air-cooled rack ceiling is taken as 45 kW, extendable to about 60-80 kW with rear-door heat exchangers.

CoolingLiquid coolingRacks

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White paperCitation

The Green Grid · 2023

WP#91 Liquid Cooling TCO tool Handbook (English)

Take the structure of the app's air-vs-liquid TCO comparison from this document: capex, energy, water, space and maintenance by solution category.

• Published 2023 by the Liquid Cooling Standing Work Group.

Liquid coolingCoolingEnergy

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