White paperCitationEditor’s pick
The Green Grid 2008
WP#14 - The Green Grid Metrics: PUE/DCiE Detailed Analysis
In the PUE/DCiE calculator, cite this paper as historical provenance.
- Registration required; related standard ISO/IEC 30134-2.
Topic guide
Energy
Discover publications on data centre energy consumption, power demand and efficiency. Investigate measurement methods, operating conditions and improvement approaches through summaries and original references.
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- 416
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- 122
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- 2007–2026
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RegulationFree to readEditor’s pick
Türkiye Elektrik Dağıtım A.Ş. (TEDAŞ) 2017
TEDAŞ-MLZ/99-031.B Technical Specification for Cast-Resin Dry-Type MV/LV Distribution Power Transformers
Default indoor data center transformers to cast-resin dry type; no oil pit is needed under the fire regulation.
- First issue April 1999, second update April 2017.
Technical guideFree to read
Energy Efficient HPC Working Group / Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 2011
"Hot" for Warm Water Cooling (SC11 State of the Practice paper, LBNL-5128E)
Implement this stack-up as a design check: from the site's 99.6% design wet and dry bulb plus per-component approaches, compute the achievable chiller-less supply temperature.
- About 90% or more of heat is typically removed by liquid in the solutions considered.
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White paperCitationEditor’s pick
The Green Grid 2008
WP#14 - The Green Grid Metrics: PUE/DCiE Detailed Analysis
In the PUE/DCiE calculator, cite this paper as historical provenance.
- Registration required; related standard ISO/IEC 30134-2.
RegulationFree to readEditor’s pick
Türkiye Elektrik Dağıtım A.Ş. (TEDAŞ) 2017
TEDAŞ-MLZ/99-031.B Technical Specification for Cast-Resin Dry-Type MV/LV Distribution Power Transformers
Default indoor data center transformers to cast-resin dry type; no oil pit is needed under the fire regulation.
- First issue April 1999, second update April 2017.
Technical guideFree to read
Energy Efficient HPC Working Group / Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 2011
"Hot" for Warm Water Cooling (SC11 State of the Practice paper, LBNL-5128E)
Implement this stack-up as a design check: from the site's 99.6% design wet and dry bulb plus per-component approaches, compute the achievable chiller-less supply temperature.
- About 90% or more of heat is typically removed by liquid in the solutions considered.
Technical guideFree to read
TELKODER - Telekomünikasyon Operatörleri Derneği 2021
12. Ulaştırma ve Haberleşme Şûrası – Haberleşme Çalışma Grubu Sektör Öngörü Raporu: Veri Merkezleri (TELKODER Görüşleri)
In benchmarking views, use the quoted regional PUE (about 1.6) as a Turkish baseline.
- Average PUE is quoted as 1.59 worldwide and 1.62 in Turkey's region (DCD 2020).
Technical guideFree to read
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (ENERGY STAR) 2026
16 More Ways to Cut Energy Waste in the Data Center (ENERGY STAR)
Map each measure to an efficiency-check rule: missing containment, UPS in double-conversion only, no economizer, and so on.
- High-efficiency PDUs are 2-3% more efficient than conventional units.
Technical guidePDF
European Commission JRC 2017
2017 Best Practice Guidelines for the EU Code of Conduct on Data Centre Energy Efficiency - Version 8.1.0 (JRC104370, EUR 28426 EN)
Store the best practice edition and version against each design so the compliance checker evaluates practices from the edition in force at design date (8.1.0 for 2017 projects).
- 5.1.6: cabinet doors need at least 66% perforated area, with 80% considered ideal.
Technical guidePDF
European Commission JRC 2018
2018 Best Practice Guidelines for the EU Code of Conduct on Data Centre Energy Efficiency - Version 9.1.0 (JRC110666, EUR 29103 EN)
Keep the 2018 edition practices as a selectable compliance baseline for projects designed in 2018.
- 5.4.1.8 (value 5): investigate free cooling in all new builds and retrofits.
Technical guideFree to read
Data Center World / AFCOM 2026
2026 Data Center Trends: AI, Cooling & Power Insights (AFCOM State of the Data Center session, Bill Kleyman)
Use AFCOM density figures (16 kW average; 50-70 kW for AI) as reference bands in the rack-density selector.
- 80 percent of respondents report workloads moving from public cloud back on-premises.
Technical guideFree to read
JLL 2026
2026 Global Data Center Market Outlook
In the cost module, use $/MW shell-and-core benchmarks (with year) as a sanity range for capex estimates, and show tenant fit-out separately.
- Tenant technology fit-out can reach $25M per MW for AI infrastructure.
White paperFree to read
Schneider Electric 2023
3 Steps to Calculate Total Enterprise IT Energy Consumption Using DCIM
Model each meter point as a power-tree node with an aggregate flag so roll-ups never sum a parent and its child.
- Unmetered devices: 60% of manufacturer rating x assumed hours of use.
Technical guideFree to read
Caterpillar 2022
3,000 ekW, 60 Hz Generator Set: Diesel & HVO Test
Store a fuel compatibility list (diesel, HVO/EN 15940) with an HVO derate percentage and an HVO-specific maximum block-load step in the catalog.
- Both fuels reached 1800 rpm in under 7 s and met NFPA 110 Type 10.
Technical guidePDF
Open Compute Project Foundation 2024
30 C Coolant - A Durable Roadmap for the Future, Revision 1.0 (Oct 2024)
Default the liquid cooling design wizard to an S30 (30 C) TCS supply with a 6 C CDU approach (24 C FWS) and 1.5 LPM per kW.
- Typical CDU flow design is cited as 1.5 LPM per kW; CDU approach temperature is typically 4-8 C.
Technical guideFree to read
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (ENERGY STAR) 2026
5 Simple Ways to Avoid Energy Waste in Your Data Center (ENERGY STAR)
Use as quick-win recommendations in the operations module for small facilities.
- Every 1 F increase in temperature can save 4 to 5 percent in energy costs.
RegulationFree to read
Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi 2007
Law No. 5627 on Energy Efficiency (5627 sayılı Enerji Verimliliği Kanunu)
In the operations/energy module, compute annual energy in TEP (toe) from the energy model.
- Related instruments: the related regulations and ISO 50001.
White paperFree to read
NVIDIA 2025
800 VDC Architecture for Next-Generation AI Infrastructure
Add a single-ended 800 VDC distribution option to the electrical model, with rectifier blocks of ~1.5 MVA (LV) and up to 7.5 MVA (MV/SST) and the stated efficiencies.
- Typical AC whips are limited to 60 A or 100 A (IEC 60309).
Research paperFree to read
arXiv preprint (National University of Singapore) 2025
A Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit Model for PUE Prediction in Data Centers
For an operations or digital-twin module, use the feature list as a practical minimum sensor set for PUE prediction: outdoor dry/wet-bulb, IT power, UPS power, CRAC power/capacity/SCOP, coil temperatures and airflow.
- RFECV selected feature sets of {21, 28, 29, 32, 33, 43} features with the minimum MSE.
Research paperPDF
Proceedings of the Twelfth ACM International Conference on Future Energy Systems (ACM) 2021
A Guide to Reducing Carbon Emissions through Data Center Geographical Load Shifting
For geographic load shifting, consider locational marginal carbon emissions (lambda-CO2) as the signal instead of LMP or regional average carbon intensity; it gave the largest reduction (-1.44%).
- Lambda-CO2 shifting saved about 0.14 t CO2 per MW shifted and still reduced generation cost by 0.27%; LMP shifting cut cost by 1.07% but saved less carbon.
Research paperPDF
IEEE Access (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)) 2021
A Novel Reliability Index to Assess the Computational Resource Adequacy in Data Centers
Set the number of spare PSUs/servers in a rack with a LOWP-style calculation from target service reliability and the load duration curve, avoiding unnecessary overprovisioning.
- The rack model assumes 10 blade servers rated 800 W each (400 W idle) with 40 local fans.
Research paperFree to read
ACM/SPEC 2014
A Power-Measurement Methodology for Large-Scale, High-Performance Computing (ICPE 2014)
In the metering design module, offer Level 1/2/3 templates that place meters (for example upstream of PSUs/PDUs) and set the required coverage and sampling.
- Related references: EE HPC WG Power Measurement Methodology, ISO/IEC 30134-2.
White paperFree to read
Schneider Electric 2015
A Quantitative Comparison of High Efficiency AC vs. DC Power Distribution for Data Centers
Build the power-chain calculator as UPS(load) x wiring(load) x PSU(load), defaulting wiring to 1% loss at full load scaling with load squared.
- ETSI 380 V DC is midpoint-grounded: maximum voltage to ground +/- 190 V.
Research paperPDF
IEEE Access (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)) 2021
A Review of Data Centers Energy Consumption and Reliability Modeling
Define the failure state (loss of PDU power, loss of a rack, loss of service) explicitly before starting a reliability study and state it in the report.
- Cooling-system operational availability is AO = 1/(λsys/µsys + 1) and functional availability is Af = AO(1 − pus) + (1 − AO)·pt.
Research paperPDF
Energies (MDPI AG) 2023
A Review of Flywheel Energy Storage System Technologies
In UPS designs that only need bridging until the generator starts, evaluate a flywheel as a battery alternative, checking that a 15 s-15 min discharge range and a generator start under 10 s are adequate for the duty.
- Flywheel operating temperature range is -40 to +50 °C, with low environmental requirements and no contamination.
Research paperPDF
Energies (MDPI AG) 2021
A Study on the Energy Reduction Measures of Data Centers through Chilled Water Temperature Control and Water-Side Economizer
In a central plant without a WSE, raise the chilled-water supply setpoint to about 11 °C; at 15-17 °C, CRAH fan energy increased total energy.
- Overall reductions against the conventional model were 1.8% (higher setpoint), 19.6% (adding WSE) and 30.1% (WSE with delta-T control).
Research paperPDF
Electronics (MDPI AG) 2025
A Systematic Review of Energy Efficiency Metrics for Optimizing Cloud Data Center Operations and Management
In efficiency reporting do not make PUE the only metric; knowing its weaknesses (manipulation, optimal-condition reporting, ignoring IT utilisation), complement it with WUE, CUE and IT-side metrics (SPUE, PpW, ITEE).
- Google reported a 2023 fleet-average annual PUE of 1.10 against an industry average of 1.58; Microsoft reports PUE and WUE together.
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