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Topic guide

Liquid cooling

Find publications on direct-to-chip cooling, immersion and liquid loops. Investigate temperature conditions, facility interfaces and maintenance requirements for high-density data centre designs.

Sources
153
Downloadable PDFs
48
Years
2011–2026
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Technical guidePDFEditor’s pick

Open Compute Project Foundation 2023

Guidelines for Using Water-Based Transfer Fluids in Single-Phase Cold Plate-Based Liquid-Cooled Racks

Write the Table 1 targets (TSS, TDS, conductivity, copper and iron, pH, hardness, turbidity, bacteria, azole inhibitor, chloride) into the fluid specification as acceptance criteria and request a certificate of analysis from the supplier.

  • pH 8.0-10.5; total hardness below 30 ppm (below 2 ppm for fresh fill); turbidity below 5 NTU.
Liquid coolingWaterCommissioning
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1–24 / 153

Technical guidePDFEditor’s pick

Open Compute Project Foundation 2023

Guidelines for Using Water-Based Transfer Fluids in Single-Phase Cold Plate-Based Liquid-Cooled Racks

Write the Table 1 targets (TSS, TDS, conductivity, copper and iron, pH, hardness, turbidity, bacteria, azole inhibitor, chloride) into the fluid specification as acceptance criteria and request a certificate of analysis from the supplier.

  • pH 8.0-10.5; total hardness below 30 ppm (below 2 ppm for fresh fill); turbidity below 5 NTU.
Liquid coolingWaterCommissioning
Read / Download
Research paperPDF

Fluids (MDPI AG) 2026

A Review of Thermal Management in Modern Data Centres: Water Usage Effectiveness and Heat Transfer Coefficients

Set WUE targets from the heat-rejection topology (dry, free-cooling, hybrid, evaporative) and not only the server-side cooling technology; WUE depends on the share of heat rejected by evaporation.

  • Dry facilities with closed-loop liquid cooling need essentially no water, while evaporative systems typically report WUE up to 2.5 L/kWh.
WaterCoolingLiquid cooling
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Research paperPDF

Technology Review for Carbon Neutrality (Tsinghua University Press) 2025

Accelerating liquid cooling adoption in data centers: necessity, challenges and solutions

For racks where GPU/accelerator thermal design power exceeds 1,200 W, take liquid cooling as a mandatory design input, and weigh the initial cost (about 1.9-2.2 times air cooling) against TCO (up to 20% lower after 4 years, vendor figure).

  • Cooling systems in air-cooled data centres consume around 40% of total data-centre energy.
Liquid coolingReliabilityEnergy
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Research paperPDF

Energies (MDPI AG) 2023

Cooling Technologies for Internet Data Center in China: Principle, Energy Efficiency, and Applications

In China, define project design targets from GB 50174-2017 temperature and humidity limits (18-27 °C, dew point 5.5-15 °C, RH at most 60%) and provincial PUE caps (for example Guangdong 1.25).

  • Cooling accounts for about 35-40% of total IDC energy consumption, the second largest consumer after IT equipment.
CoolingEnergyLiquid cooling
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Research paperPDF

IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)) 2021

CPU Overclocking: A Performance Assessment of Air, Cold Plates, and Two-Phase Immersion Cooling

For high-heat-flux chips, compare the point at which air cooling throttles (here 3.3-4 GHz) with the clock-rate gain from cold plates or 2P immersion (41-51%) in cooling technology selection.

  • Compared with air cooling, cold plates gave up to 41% and 2P immersion up to 51% higher CPU clock rates.
Liquid coolingCoolingRacks
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