Topic guide

Site planning

Review publications on site selection, building layouts and the physical arrangement of data centre infrastructure. Explore capacity, environmental conditions, access and expansion in the context of your project.

Sources
147
Downloadable PDFs
36
Years
2001–2026

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1–24 / 147

Research paperPDF

Proceedings of the Twelfth ACM International Conference on Future Energy Systems (ACM) 2021

A Guide to Reducing Carbon Emissions through Data Center Geographical Load Shifting

For geographic load shifting, consider locational marginal carbon emissions (lambda-CO2) as the signal instead of LMP or regional average carbon intensity; it gave the largest reduction (-1.44%).

  • Lambda-CO2 shifting saved about 0.14 t CO2 per MW shifted and still reduced generation cost by 0.27%; LMP shifting cut cost by 1.07% but saved less carbon.
Technical guideFree to read

Consulting-Specifying Engineer 2016

Applying NFPA 75 in data centers

Define the IT room default as 1-hour separation, 3/4-hour doors and fire and smoke dampers at penetrations.

  • Doors in the separation must be 3/4-hour rated.
Research paperPDF

arXiv preprint (cs.AI), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health 2026

Assessing the Carbon Emissions and Energy Consumption of U.S. Hyperscale Data Centers

In fleet or facility energy estimation, use capacity × 8,760 × facility-load coefficient (0.48-0.70, central 0.58) and report the range (67.7-98.6 TWh) explicitly.

  • State-level intensities (central scenario): Virginia 535, Oregon 440, Iowa 645, Nebraska 740, Wyoming 1035 gCO2/kWh; Virginia had 142 HDCs, 21.0 TWh, 11.5 Mt.
Research paperPDF

CIGRE US National Committee, 2025 Grid of the Future Symposium (arXiv preprint) 2025

Best Practices for Large Load Interconnections: A North American Perspective on Data Centers

In a large-load interconnection application, verify the relevant entity's large-load threshold (10-75 MW) and ramp limit (Southern ≤20 MW/min) early; definitions differ widely between entities.

  • Southern Company is the only entity in this review with a numeric ramp cap: ≤20 MW/min under normal operation.
Research paperPDF

arXiv preprint (cs.CY; formatted for ACM e-Energy '26) 2026

Beyond PUE: A Local-Impact Audit Framework for Data Center Environmental Accountability

In siting and community-acceptance files, present PUE, WUE and CUE together with regional water stress, grid headroom and verification maturity (L0-L4); back project commitments with contractual limits and independent metering (L2-L3).

  • Compliance gate: any unresolved major regulatory violation caps the composite score at a ceiling of 40 (suggested, subject to calibration).
Research paperFree to read

Proceedings of the 28th ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Volume 2 (ACM) 2023

Carbon Explorer: A Holistic Framework for Designing Carbon Aware Datacenters

Add an hourly 24/7 CFE coverage calculator to site and energy design that sizes wind, solar, BESS (in hours of IT load) and server headroom together; use hourly or sub-hourly supply profiles, never daily averages.

  • Grid lifecycle intensities (gCO2eq/kWh): wind 11, nuclear 12, hydro 24, solar 41, biofuels/other 230, natural gas 490, oil 650, coal 820.
Research paperPDF

CIGRE US National Committee, 2026 Grid of the Future Symposium (arXiv preprint) 2026

Comparative Analysis of Large Load Interconnection Requirements Across U.S. Transmission Entities

Design data-centre UPS and load control to the most restrictive entity's requirement: 6.0 s ride-through at 0.70-0.90 pu (CAISO), six fault-clearing attempts within 90 s (SPP), six 50-70 ms reclosings (Dominion), and the ban on constant-power control (SPP).

  • MISO's proposal requires withstanding three voltage disturbances within 10 s and phase-angle jumps up to 25 degrees.
Research paperPDF

arXiv (University of Michigan preprint) 2026

Data Center Cooling Choices Shift Water Impacts Across the Grid: An Integrated Water-Energy Model for Sustainable Data Center Development

In cooling selection, calculate direct and indirect water together: an air-cooled chiller cut direct water 97% but raised the indirect share to 96.6% and electricity by 32%.

  • Indirect water intensity varied by about 50% across months, depending on which generators supplied the added load.

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