Topic guide
Explore technical publications on data centre cooling systems, thermal loads and operating conditions. Review air and liquid approaches, energy use and operational requirements within each source’s scope.
145–168 / 339
TMMOB Makina Mühendisleri Odası (MMO) 2009
Use the paper's mode thresholds (approach of about 2 C for partial and about 5 C for full free cooling) as defaults in a free-cooling-hours estimator, fed by city bin data for Turkish sites.
STULZ 2025
Define rack templates per GPU generation with a default kW and liquid/air split, for example 85/15 at 130 kW and 100/0 at 600 kW.
STULZ 2025
In the CDU selection tool let users trade approach temperature against heat-exchanger area and TCS delta-T, with Cases 1-3 as validation fixtures.
ASHRAE 2013
In the DLC data model, keep facility water (FWS) and technology cooling system (TCS) loops separate, with a CDU as the interface.
STULZ 2026
In the liquid-cooling module size TCS flow at about 1.5 L/min/kW by default and store CDU approach temperature and external static pressure.
Open Compute Project Foundation 2024
Store CDU capacity in the catalogue using this rating basis (kW at 5 C ATD, 1.5 LPM/kW, head and FWS impedance) so units from different vendors can be compared, and derate when the design ATD or flow differs.
Buildings (MDPI AG) 2026
In IEC control, stage airflow to follow load rate and spray to follow room temperature, and prefer a low fresh/return air ratio.
Open Compute Project Foundation 2022
Store the Table 1 properties (flash, fire and auto-ignition point, dielectric strength, resistivity, viscosity curve, GWP) in immersion fluid catalogue entries.
Ramboll 2019
Use as a reference case for the heat-export module: default the lift to 70-75 C via ammonia heat pumps.
Motivair 2023
Add RDHx entries to the catalog with nominal kW at the stated water and room conditions, flow limit, fan power and rack size compatibility.
Uptime Institute Journal (Uptime Institute) 2021
Tie the humidity control setting to the contamination class: allow the 70% RH upper limit only when coupon test results are entered and within limits.
NIST 2008
Use a single constant when converting cooling capacity between tons and kW: 1 ton = 3.516853 kW.
The Green Grid 2009
Use the map only as a visual cross-check.
U.S. DOE Federal Energy Management Program / National Renewable Energy Laboratory 2012
Offer indirect evaporative cooling and airside economizer options in the cooling selector with climate-driven hours.
Buildings (MDPI AG) 2023
For hot-spot removal, before choosing lower supply temperature or higher airflow outright, compare the COP drop (3.2 to 2.6) and the energy difference (20.1% and 4.2%) with a rack-specific air distribution option.
Applied Sciences (MDPI AG) 2025
In retrofitting an existing raised-floor hall, first close unused rack spaces with blanking panels (alone they cut SHI by 42.61%); containment alone gave little benefit.
Buildings (MDPI AG) 2025
Choose a raised-floor height of at least 600 mm; at 300-500 mm some grilles had reverse (negative) flow and uneven static pressure, and gains levelled off above 800 mm.
Schneider Electric 2016
Add cooling catalog fields: VFD fans/compressors/pumps, supported control level, group-control protocol and vendor compatibility, and whether control is on rack-inlet temperature and dew point.
Consulting-Specifying Engineer 2008
In the tool's economizer studies, report hours below the humidity floor alongside energy savings, per climate.
Beca 2026
Let users set the cold-aisle supply temperature and recompute free-cooling hours from the site weather file.
Buildings (MDPI AG) 2024
Assess an IEC unit by climate: natural cooling covered 97% of the year in a dry climate and 43% in a humid one; check the wet-bulb distribution (19 °C threshold) against project climate data.
Frontiers in Energy Research (Frontiers Media SA) 2023
With active tiles, always seal under-rack gaps; if left open, low pressure at the tile surface pulls hot air in under the rack and worsens the lower servers.
Open Compute Project Foundation 2025
Record in catalogue entries the type (gasketed/brazed), plate and gasket materials, AHRI certification, design pressure and temperature, code (PED/ASME) and EPD embodied carbon.
Schneider Electric 2024
For every rack, row and upstream device store design maximum supply, design maximum demand (nameplate or as-configured) and measured actual where available; enforce supply >= demand at each hierarchy level including under N-1.
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