White paperCitation
The Green Grid 2022
WP#85 - 230V Enterprise PSU Market-Ready Efficiency Study
For EU sites, default server PSU efficiency to the Lot 9 (Regulation (EU) 2019/424) minimum.
- Scope is 230 V enterprise power supply units.
Topic guide
Energy
Discover publications on data centre energy consumption, power demand and efficiency. Investigate measurement methods, operating conditions and improvement approaches through summaries and original references.
- Sources
- 416
- Downloadable PDFs
- 122
- Years
- 2007–2026
All sources
313–336 / 416
White paperCitation
The Green Grid 2022
WP#86 - Energy Efficient Data Center Storage: An Assessment of Storage Product Power Efficiency
In the storage catalog, capture power per capacity or performance from SNIA Emerald-style test data rather than nameplate.
- Dated 13 July 2022; replaces WP#77.
White paperCitation
The Green Grid 2023
WP#89 - 480/277V AC-DC Power Supplies: A Study of Emerging Trends
Add a 480Y/277 V-to-rack option with 277 V PSUs and no PDU transformer to the electrical topology library.
- Related references: NEC (NFPA 70), OCP Open Rack; registration required.
Research paperFree to read
IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)) 2025
xPUE: Extending Power Usage Effectiveness Metrics for Cloud Infrastructures
Do not present facility PUE as the whole efficiency story: add an optional server-overhead factor (sPUE) to the energy model and show an 'effective PUE' = PUE x sPUE next to PUE.
- Idle servers gave sPUE > 4; on a Dell R640 under rising CPU load the average sPUE was 3.1 and the lowest 2.7.
White paperFree to read
Eaton 2021
Your Aging Three-Phase UPS: When to Refresh, Replace or Run to Fail
In the asset/lifecycle module store the installation year per UPS and battery, and project replacement dates from the component table defaults.
- New UPSs run at 94-99% efficiency versus 80-92% for most legacy units.
Technical guideFree to read
TMMOB Makina Mühendisleri Odası (MMO) 2007
Energy management in tall buildings: the Sabancı Center case (Yüksek Binalarda Enerji Yönetimi; Sabancı Center Örneği)
Warn when IT and comfort loads share one UPS or one chilled-water primary loop, since that blocks independent temperature reset and free cooling.
- The values belong to a single building and 2007 technology.
Research paperPDF
Sustainability (MDPI AG) 2025
Zero-Carbon Development in Data Centers Using Waste Heat Recovery Technology: A Systematic Review
In waste-heat use, first match technology to source temperature (heat pump 20-55 °C, absorption cooling 30-85 °C) and think of electricity, heat, cooling and storage together rather than a single technology.
- Heat pumps for WHR are listed for source temperatures of 20-55 °C and absorption refrigeration for 30-85 °C.
White paperFree to read
Schneider Electric 2025
10 Data Center Sustainability Improvements Quantified by Environmental Impact
In the sustainability panel compute operational CO2e = IT MWh x PUE x grid EF, with a grid-EF catalog by country/region (default US 454 kg CO2e/MWh incl. upstream) and a renewable-PPA toggle.
- Total GHG falls from 84,100 to 11,300 t CO2e (-87%).
White paperFree to read
Schneider Electric 2025
10 Ways to Harness the Energy and Water Efficiencies of Direct Liquid Cooling
Default TCS supply to 40 C for liquid-cooled designs; warn below 30 C (efficiency loss) and above 45 C (server spec limit).
- Evaporative heat rejection uses about 43 L/min per 1 MW of cooling capacity.
Technical guideCitation
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 2024
2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report (LBNL-2001637, December 2024)
Take AI rack and node power assumptions (3.4 to 12.2 kW per 8-GPU server, 20% idle) as a cross-check on IT load models, not as a substitute for vendor data.
- U.S. data centers used about 76 TWh (1.9% of U.S. electricity) in 2018 and 176 TWh (4.4%) in 2023.
Technical guidePDF
European Commission JRC 2025
2025 Best Practice Guidelines for the EU Code of Conduct on Data Centre Energy Efficiency (JRC141521, EUR 40267)
Design the facility to operate within the ASHRAE Class A2 allowable range and require A2 operation within warranty in IT procurement; plan separate environmental zones (practice 5.3.4) for legacy equipment.
- IT equipment AC/DC power converters should be rated at 90% efficiency or better across expected load ranges.
Technical guideFree to read
Google 2020
24/7 by 2030: Realizing a Carbon-free Future
Add an "hourly CFE potential" score per candidate grid (grid CFE% plus PPA options) to site selection, beside annual renewable %.
- Annual 100% renewable matching is judged insufficient.
Technical guidePDF
European Commission, DG Energy 2025
Assessment of the energy performance and sustainability of data centres in EU - First technical report (July 2025)
Compare your design PUE target with the real EU spread: 1.21 on average above 10 MW, 1.55 at 1-2 MW; set a realistic bound for your facility size.
- Rule of thumb cited: PUE below 1.2 excellent, 1.2-1.5 good, above 1.5 room for improvement.
White paperFree to read
Schneider Electric 2018
Battery Technology for Data Centers: VRLA vs. Li-ion
Add battery catalogue parameters: chemistry, service life at 25°C, m² per kWh, kg per kWh and floor loading.
- End of life is defined as 80% of rated capacity.
White paperFree to read
Schneider Electric 2017
Battery Technology for Single Phase UPS Systems: VRLA vs. Li-ion
Prefer Li-ion with a 10-year life as the default for edge and rack UPS.
- VRLA packs need replacement roughly every 4 years.
White paperFree to read
Schneider Electric 2025
Bending the Energy Curve: Decoupling Digitalization Trends from Data Center Energy Growth
In the energy dashboard, show IT-side levers (utilization, accelerated computing) next to facility PUE.
- ICT energy per data generated was about 0.92 TWh/ZB in 2020.
Technical guidePDF
U.S. DOE FEMP / NREL 2024
Best Practices Guide for Energy-Efficient Data Center Design (Revised July 2024)
Weigh the supply air setpoint against server fan energy: raise it in small steps within the ASHRAE recommended range so the most demanding inlet nears 80 °F, only after air management is in place, and control to IT inlet temperature rather than return temperature.
- Compute racks reached 60 kW in 2013, and recent liquid-cooled racks exceed 125 kW.
Technical guideFree to read
BRE Global 2012
BREEAM Data Centres 2010 Scheme Document (SD5068)
In existing-site assessments, show the legacy scheme when the user records a BREEAM DC 2010 certificate.
- Standalone BREEAM Data Centres 2010 scheme, issue 1.2 (May 2012), about 326 pages.
Technical guideFree to read
BRE Global 2019
BREEAM International New Construction 2016 — Data Centre Annex (Pilot), Annex 1 and Annex 2
Metering rule: if projected PUE is below 1.2 require IT-level (PUE3) metering; at 1.2-1.5 require at least PDU-output (PUE2); otherwise UPS-output (PUE1) is acceptable.
- Launched as a pilot in November 2019; replaces BREEAM Data Centres 2010.
White paperFree to read
Schneider Electric 2024
Calculating ROI of Monitoring and Maintenance Service Contracts for New Data Centers
Add an efficiency-degradation factor to the opex model for run-to-fail operation (+19%/+29%/+39%/+51% cooling energy in years 2 to 5) against the maintained case.
- Average truck roll costs about $1,000 per dispatch.
White paperFree to read
Schneider Electric 2017
Calculating Total Cooling Requirements for Data Centers
Implement as the default heat-load calculator: Q = IT + (0.04 x UPS + 0.05 x IT) + (0.01 x UPS + 0.02 x IT) + 14.32 x area + 100 x people
- UPS heat = 0.04 x UPS rated power + 0.05 x IT load
White paperFree to read
Schneider Electric 2011
Calculating Total Power Requirements for Data Centers
Use it as a quick-sizing calculator in novice mode: take IT kW, future kW, floor area, cooling type and UPS input type, and output service kW/A and generator kW, with the multipliers as editable defaults.
- Actual IT power is roughly nameplate VA x 0.67.
White paperFree to read
Schneider Electric 2019
Capital Cost Analysis of Immersive Liquid-Cooled vs. Air-Cooled Large Data Centers
Use as a seed for the TCO/capex comparison engine: liquidTechPremiumUsdPerW = 0.77 and chillerCrahSavingsUsdPerW = 0.91 (immersion).
- Compaction to 20 kW per rack saves about 10% capex; to 40 kW per rack about 14%.
RegulationPDF
European Commission (Official Journal of the European Union) 2024
Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/1364 of 14 March 2024 on the first phase of the establishment of a common Union rating scheme for data centres
Build the metering architecture to the regulation: meters on every supply input for total energy (grid and back-up generator separately) and at every UPS output for IT energy, with a system that retains measurement point and device records for at least 10 years.
- Data centre electricity demand is projected to reach 3.2% of total EU demand by 2030, a 28% increase over 2018.
All content and rights belong to the respective authors and publishers. SoSo CAD provides only the citation, its own summary and a link to the source, and is not responsible for the sources' content.
Monthly newsletter · free
Keep your reading list current
Once a month: new library sources, changes to Turkish regulations and upcoming data centre events.