Collection
Power distribution, UPS, batteries, protection and redundant supply.
265–288 / 418
Uptime Institute Journal 2026
Use these ratios as indicative risk multipliers in an option-comparison view, for example showing relative outage likelihood when switching cooling from N+1 to 2N.
Sustainability (MDPI AG) 2026
Do not size behind-the-meter battery storage on an emission-reduction case; round-trip losses mean storage alone adds nothing and can raise emissions. Justify it with a concrete duty such as masking checkpoint dips.
arXiv preprint (Microsoft Azure Research / University of Illinois) 2025
Couple thermal and power headroom in the design tool: show how inlet temperature rise with outdoor conditions (for economiser or adiabatic systems) erodes GPU thermal margin and can trigger throttling.
ABB 2008
Model each protective device with Icu, Icw, I1/I2/I3 settings and t2 curve type so the tool can evaluate selectivity pairs.
ABB 2008
Default transformer impedance from the IEC 60076-5 table when the user leaves vk blank.
ABB 2006
Keep the earthing system as a project setting {TN-S, TN-C-S, TT, IT}.
Türkiye Elektrik Dağıtım A.Ş. (TEDAŞ) 2020
When placing a prefabricated substation, apply the IP 68 cable-entry and internal-arc layout rules (rear clearance of 100 mm or less, or closed).
Türkiye Elektrik Dağıtım A.Ş. (TEDAŞ) 2006
In site layout, offer a compact kiosk substation block (footprint, IP 23D, ventilation) as an option for edge and small sites.
Türkiye Elektrik Dağıtım A.Ş. (TEDAŞ) 2015
In MV cable sizing (TR profile), use the 90 C continuous and 250 C short-circuit limits for XLPE in the adiabatic short-circuit check.
Türkiye Elektrik Dağıtım A.Ş. (TEDAŞ) 2017
In the transformer catalogue (TR profile), preload hermetic transformer loss data (P0, Pk) by kVA from this specification as defaults.
Vertiv 2023
For edge and closet designs, default the single-phase UPS battery to Li-ion where room temperature is uncontrolled, and show replacement cycles in lifecycle cost (VRLA 3-5 y, Li-ion 8-10 y).
Data Center Frontier (Black & Veatch contributed article) 2024
Offer a substation object with a configuration field (radial, main-tie-main, ring bus, breaker-and-a-half, double-bus double-breaker) and an insulation type field (AIS, GIS), with footprint and cost multipliers.
ABB 2014
Give the UPS catalog an architecture field {monolithic, CPA modular, DPA modular}, module kW, modules per frame, maximum frames in parallel and per-module static bypass (yes/no).
Schneider Electric 2011
Give each UPS a mainsConfig (single mains, dual mains, no bypass), an inverter-transformer flag and a per-input earthing system (TN-S, TN-C, TT, IT).
Schneider Electric 2011
Encode the seven IEEE 1159 categories as a list used in risk registers and mitigation pickers.
arXiv preprint (University of Alberta) 2024
Define AI load not only by energy but by peak/average (about 1 in training), peak/idle ratio and ramp/decline rates; make sub-second dynamics inputs for UPS, generator and grid-connection studies.
Energies (MDPI AG) 2017
For paralleled modules in a modular UPS, do not look only at the N+1 redundancy count; add to the design check that module-to-module filter and control parameter differences cause circulating current and thermal imbalance.
Siemens 2017
Store Ur, Up, Ir, Ik/tk, Ip, LSC category, IAC rating and accessibility, insulation medium and busbar scheme in the MV switchgear catalogue.
Siemens 2018
Offer W/m2 defaults by building type (data centre vs IT room) and redundancy-dependent simultaneity factors in early sizing.
Siemens 2012
Add "isolated-parallel rotary UPS" (N UPS + IP bus + chokes) as a UPS topology template.
Scientific Reports (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 2017
Add HF toxicity to risk assessments for enclosed battery rooms and BESS: take 20-200 mg/Wh of stored energy and compare the resulting room concentration with the IDLH (0.025 g/m³) and 10-minute AEGL-3 values.
Vertiv 2026
Give the rack/pod model a liquid fraction (default about 70% for direct-to-chip) so residual air load is computed automatically.
Cummins 2025
Store per generator the ISO 8528-5 class achieved, BMEP at rated load and the maximum single load step (%) that meets the stated dip limits.
Electronics (MDPI AG) 2025
In rack power-chain efficiency calculations, treat the number of stages and each stage's efficiency as separate inputs, and show the benefit of fewer stages at load points (low and high current).
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