Technical guideCitation
Uptime Institute Intelligence 2024
Air-Assisted Direct Liquid Cooling: An Overlooked Option
Offer a 'liquid-to-air CDU / sidecar' as a DLC option.
- Published as UII Update 233 in Q1 2024.
Topic guide
Cooling
Explore technical publications on data centre cooling systems, thermal loads and operating conditions. Review air and liquid approaches, energy use and operational requirements within each source’s scope.
- Sources
- 339
- Downloadable PDFs
- 92
- Years
- 2006–2026
All sources
25–48 / 339
Technical guideFree to read
Upsite Technologies blog 2017
Airflow Management Considerations for a New Data Center - Part 1: Server Power versus Inlet Temperature
Include server fan power rising with inlet temperature in the cooling energy tool (for example about +13% from 68 to 104 F for A3) so set-point optimisation minimises total energy, not PUE.
- If server fan energy is unknown, assume about 10% of operating load.
Research paperPDF
Energies (MDPI AG) 2018
Analysis of Air-Side Economizers in Terms of Cooling-Energy Performance in a Data Center Considering Exhaust Air Recirculation
In airside economiser design, plan exhaust grilles and the building envelope so recirculation stays below 5%; 15% recirculation raised energy about 6.1% for direct and 9% for indirect.
- The authors recommend placing exhaust-air grilles so recirculation is below 5%, or handling it in the envelope plan at design stage.
Technical guideFree to read
Vertiv 2016
Analysis of Pumped Refrigerant Economizers: Supporting the California Energy Commission Approval of the Liebert DSE System for Use in California Data Centers
Add a pumped-refrigerant economizer DX type to the cooling-option library, with economizer hours modelled as a function of ambient, load fraction and return-air temperature.
- Refrigerant pump power is typically below 5% of compressor power for the same capacity.
StandardCitation
ASHRAE 2020
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 127-2020, Method of Testing for Rating Computer and Data Processing Room Unitary Air Conditioners
In the CRAC catalogue, record rated capacity and efficiency (NSenCOP) on the basis of AHRI 1360 / ASHRAE 127 test conditions.
- Standard 127-2020 is listed with product code 86408.
StandardFree to read
ASHRAE 2022
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 90.4-2022, Energy Standard for Data Centers - ASHRAE fact sheet
In the compliance calculator, compute annualised MLC and design ELC per segment (UPS, distribution, PDU) and compare them with climate-zone limits.
- The standard applies to data centres with power density above 20 W/ft2 and IT load above 10 kW.
StandardCitation
BICSI (via Cabling Installation & Maintenance) 2019
ANSI/BICSI 002-2019, Data Center Design and Implementation Best Practices (release announcement)
Keep BICSI 002 edition history (2014, 2019, 2024) in the standards registry for projects citing older editions.
- Previous edition; superseded by BICSI 002-2024.
StandardCitation
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) 2024
ANSI/TIA-942-C, Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard for Data Centers (TIA standard page)
Offer a rating-level selector (Rated-1..4) that is separate from Uptime Tiers.
- Revision C was published in May 2024.
Research paperPDF
Energies (MDPI AG) 2023
Artificial Intelligence-Based Temperature Twinning and Pre-Control for Data Center Airflow Organization
For an operational thermal twin, define adequate sensor density covering supply, return, cold-aisle and hot-aisle temperatures and equipment power (728 points at 15-minute sampling in this study).
- The DQN controller cut PUE by an average of 2.6% and WUE by 2.5% over a year.
StandardCitation
ASHRAE 2024
ASHRAE Datacom Series (TC 9.9) - series overview incl. IT Equipment Power Trends 3rd ed., Best Practices for Datacom Facility Energy Efficiency 2nd ed., Particulate and Gaseous Contamination 2nd ed., Green Tips
Use Book 2 (IT Equipment Power Trends) for default kW-per-rack growth projections.
- Book 10: Green Tips for Data Centers (2011), product 90554.
StandardFree to read
ASHRAE 2024
ASHRAE TC 9.9 technical input to the European Commission on the review of Regulation 2019/424 (Ecodesign of servers and data storage)
Do not hard-code A2 as the minimum class; allow H1/A1 classes for AI racks.
- Letter from ASHRAE TC 9.9 to DG GROW, dated 8 July 2024.
Technical guideFree to read
Consulting-Specifying Engineer 2019
ASHRAE's energy standard for data centers turns three
Implement the 90.4 MLC and ELC calculators with the correct test load points per UPS redundancy class (N/N+1 vs 2N).
- Annualized MLC requires an hourly energy simulation, also checked at 100% and 50% ITE load.
White paperFree to read
Schneider Electric 2011
Avoidable Mistakes that Compromise Cooling Performance in Data Centers and Network Rooms
In layout validation, raise an error when adjacent rows of front-to-back equipment face the same direction, and a warning for perforated tiles or supply diffusers in a hot aisle.
- About 25% of data centres face all racks the same way; over 30% of hot/cold-aisle rooms get supply and return wrong.
White paperFree to read
Schneider Electric 2012
Avoiding Costs from Oversizing Data Center and Network Room Infrastructure
In the capacity planner keep design, installed and expected-load curves separate per phase and show utilisation over a 10-year horizon; default start-up load to 20-30% of design and final load to 60-90%.
- Total excess lifecycle cost from oversizing averages about 30%.
Technical guidePDF
Open Compute Project Foundation 2022
Base Specification for Immersion Fluids, Revision 1.0, Version 1.0 (December 1, 2022)
Use the summary table as validation rules for immersion-fluid catalogue entries: flash point, pour point, viscosity, density and dielectric properties.
- Pour point below -30 C; critical temperature above 155 C.
Technical guidePDF
Open Compute Project Foundation 2026
Base Specification for Two-Phase Dielectric Fluid-Based Heat Transfer Fluid (Cold Plate), Version 1.0.0
Record ASHRAE 34 safety class, GWP, ODP, boiling point and latent heat in the two-phase cold-plate fluid catalogue.
- Operating temperature 4-75 C and storage -20 to 60 C; fluid purity monitored annually.
Technical guideFree to read
TMMOB Makina Mühendisleri Odası (MMO) 2023
Options for exergy-rational use of heat generated by CHP systems
In the energy module, when on-site CHP/trigeneration is modelled, report PUE together with source-aware metrics (primary energy, CO2 and optionally exergy-based figures).
- Related standard: ISO/IEC 30134-2.
StandardFree to read
BICSI 2026
BICSI Data Center Design Consultant (DCDC) certification
Add a 'credentials' field to the user profile and recognise DCDC as a value there.
- ANSI/BICSI 002-2024 is listed as a related resource.
RegulationFree to read
T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Siber Güvenlik Başkanlığı 2026
Bilgi ve İletişim Güvenliği Rehberi - 3.6.2 Sistem Odası/Veri Merkezine Yönelik Güvenlik Tedbirleri (Information and Communication Security Guide - measures for system rooms/data centres)
Provide a Turkey public-sector compliance checklist mapping the measures to design objects: dedicated IT UPS, N+1 air conditioning with auto changeover, redundant feeds, generator fuel redundancy, room adjacency checks against wet areas.
- Water, power, humidity, temperature and smoke must be monitored with thresholds and alarms; monitoring must not be exposed externally (3.6.2.5).
Research paperPDF
Journal of Engineering Research and Sciences (Journal of Engineering Research and Sciences) 2026
CFD Analysis of Data Center Hall Cooling Performance under Normal and Failure Modes with Control Strategies and Airflow Leakages
Do thermal verification of failure mode (two ACUs offline) with realistic air leakage (cabinet gaps, HAC panel joints); a leak-free model can comply while the leaky model exceeds 32 °C.
- The grid study selected 7,288,454 cells with the standard k-epsilon model and wall functions.
White paperFree to read
Schneider Electric 2014
Choosing the Optimal Data Center Power Density
Capture peak kW/rack and the peak-to-average ratio as well as the average, and express density in W/rack instead of W/m2.
- IT devices typically draw under 50% of nameplate power-supply rating.
Research paperPDF
Resources, Conservation and Recycling (Elsevier BV) 2022
Climate- and technology-specific PUE and WUE estimations for U.S. data centers using a hybrid statistical and thermodynamics-based approach
In early data-centre design, set PUE and WUE targets by size class, cooling system and climate zone using this study's ranges (for example 1.71-2.22 for small rooms, 1.12-1.25 for large scale).
- Airside economisers with adiabatic cooling (case 1) use less water than airside economisers alone (case 3).
Technical guideFree to read
Uptime Institute Journal 2014
Close Coupled Cooling and Reliability (Matt Mescall)
For in-row and RDHx designs, evaluate cooling redundancy per aisle or row, not per room, and check unit throw distance to the farthest rack under N-1.
- A planned electrical outage may take out no more than the redundant number of cooling units in any single aisle; 2N CCC with A/B split simplifies this.
RegulationPDF
European Commission 2021
Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2021/2139 of 4 June 2021 supplementing Regulation (EU) 2020/852 by establishing the technical screening criteria for determining the conditions under which an economic activity qualifies as contributing substantially to climate change mitigation or climate change adaptation and for determining whether that economic activity causes no significant harm to any of the other environmental objectives (EU Taxonomy Climate Delegated Act)
Add an "EU Taxonomy 8.1" compliance profile: a Code of Conduct expected-practice checklist with justification fields for non-applicable items, and a refrigerant GWP <= 675 check in the cooling catalogue.
- 8.1 is a transitional activity under Article 10(2) of the Taxonomy Regulation.
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