Topic guide

Cooling

Explore technical publications on data centre cooling systems, thermal loads and operating conditions. Review air and liquid approaches, energy use and operational requirements within each source’s scope.

Sources: 339
Downloadable PDFs: 92
Years: 2006–2026

Search and filter in the library

All sources

49–72 / 339

RegulationPDF

European Commission 2024

Commission Recommendation (EU) 2024/2395 of 2 September 2024 setting out guidelines for the interpretation of Article 26 of Directive (EU) 2023/1791 as regards heating and cooling supply requirements

When testing the 1 MW waste heat threshold, compute "total rated energy input" from rated capacity (for example utility connection or rated IT plus infrastructure), not modelled annual energy, and take the measurement point at the handover of electricity supply.

CBA thresholds: thermal electricity generation 10 MW, industrial installation 8 MW, service facility 7 MW, data centre 1 MW.

Read / Download

RegulationPDF

European Commission 2019

Commission Regulation (EU) 2019/424 of 15 March 2019 laying down ecodesign requirements for servers and data storage products - consolidated text 01.03.2021 (incl. Regulation (EU) 2021/341)

In the IT equipment catalogue store PSU efficiency at 10/20/50/100% load, power factor, active state efficiency (SERT/EN 303470) and declared operating class A1-A4, and validate new models against the 2023 tier.

Secure data deletion applies from 1 March 2020; latest firmware and security updates must be made available from 1 March 2021.

Regulatory Energy Electrical

Read / Download

Research paperPDF

Energies (MDPI AG) 2019

Comparing Performance Metrics of Partial Aisle Containments in Hard Floor and Raised Floor Data Centers Using CFD

In airflow assessment do not rely on RCI alone; RCI of 100% coexisted with RTI of 40-50%, showing oversupply and bypass. Report RTI and per-rack Capture Index together.

With supply cut by 50%, RTI rose above 80%, and recirculation appeared in all containment variants while RCI still looked acceptable.

Airflow Performance metrics Cooling

Read / Download

Technical guideFree to read

Vertiv 2024

Condition-Based Maintenance Services Address Data Center Challenges

Record telemetry capability (protocols, factory sensors, remote monitoring support) in the equipment catalog.

Operations Reliability UPS

Technical guideFree to read

Motivair 2025

Coolant Distribution Units (Motivair by Schneider Electric)

Store CDU capacity in the catalog as a table over (primary supply T, secondary supply/return T, fluid) rather than a single kW, and compute available capacity at the project FWS/TCS temperatures.

MCDU-40 nominal flow 280/240 gpm; pump head 15-51 psi across models.

Liquid cooling Cooling

Research paperCitation

Energy (Elsevier BV) 2020

Cooling architecture selection for air-cooled Data Centers by minimizing exergy destruction

When comparing room, row and rack cooling architectures, report chiller, airspace and heat-exchanger losses separately.

About 33% of overall data centre energy consumption is attributed to cooling infrastructure.

Cooling Airflow Energy

White paperFree to read

Schneider Electric 2014

Cooling Audit for Identifying Potential Cooling Problems in Data Centers

Use these coefficients as the default room heat-load method and compare the result against the lower of CRAC sensible capacity and heat-rejection capacity.

CRAC set points are 20-25 C and 40-55% RH; filters are changed quarterly.

Cooling Airflow Operations

Research paperPDF

Entropy (MDPI AG) 2019

Cooling Effectiveness of a Data Center Room under Overhead Airflow via Entropy Generation Assessment in Transient Scenarios

Use in the design rationale that aisle containment cut air-side entropy generation to negligible levels (0.15% and 0.03%), against 34% for an uncontained legacy room.

With containment, air-side entropy generation was only 0.15% (downward flow) and 0.03% (upward flow) of the total, against an earlier estimate of 34% for an uncontained legacy room.

Airflow Cooling

Read / Download

White paperFree to read

Schneider Electric 2011

Cooling Options for Rack Equipment with Side-to-Side Airflow

Add an airflowPattern field to the equipment catalogue (front_to_back, back_to_front, side_to_side, side_to_back) and fill it in for switches and routers first.

Per MIL-HDBK 338, every 10°C (18°F) rise above nominal temperature halves equipment lifetime.

Airflow Racks Cooling

Research paperPDF

Energies (MDPI AG) 2023

Cooling Technologies for Internet Data Center in China: Principle, Energy Efficiency, and Applications

In China, define project design targets from GB 50174-2017 temperature and humidity limits (18-27 °C, dew point 5.5-15 °C, RH at most 60%) and provincial PUE caps (for example Guangdong 1.25).

Cooling accounts for about 35-40% of total IDC energy consumption, the second largest consumer after IT equipment.

Cooling Energy Liquid cooling

Read / Download

Research paperPDF

IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)) 2026

Coordinated Cooling and Compute Management for AI Datacenters

Design AI-hall cooling control together with workload management: when GPU count and tensor parallelism, DVFS and supply air temperature and airflow were optimised jointly, cooling energy fell by 31.2%.

Cooling is cited as contributing approximately 45-50% of total energy consumption in AI data centres.

Cooling Operations Energy

Read / Download

Research paperPDF

IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)) 2021

CPU Overclocking: A Performance Assessment of Air, Cold Plates, and Two-Phase Immersion Cooling

For high-heat-flux chips, compare the point at which air cooling throttles (here 3.3-4 GHz) with the clock-rate gain from cold plates or 2P immersion (41-51%) in cooling technology selection.

Compared with air cooling, cold plates gave up to 41% and 2P immersion up to 51% higher CPU clock rates.

Liquid cooling Cooling Racks

Read / Download

Research paperPDF

Frontiers in Energy Research (Frontiers Media SA) 2022

Current Status and Challenges for Liquid-Cooled Data Centers

Design the CDU as redundant in liquid cooling and arrange the circulating pump as one duty plus one standby; a CDU failure can paralyse the whole system.

Cooling systems are cited as consuming 30-50% of total data-centre energy.

Liquid cooling Reliability Cooling

Read / Download

Technical guideFree to read

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory / U.S. Department of Energy 2017

Data Center Air Management Estimator, Version 1.0 (2017)

Offer a 'quick' airflow-management estimate mode with few inputs, consistent with the DOE AM Tool engine already in the library (engineering reference v3).

Distributed as an Excel file (AM Estimator Version 1-0), posted 06/27/2017.

Airflow Cooling

Technical guideFree to read

Upsite Technologies blog 2019

Data Center Airflow Management at 100F

When high-temperature (A2/A3 allowable) set points are selected, report hot-hour and mechanical-cooling percentages from site weather.

Air-side economization hours above 90 F: Denver 111 (A2) / 226 (A3); Phoenix 694 / 1,817.

Cooling Airflow Energy

StandardFree to read

ASHRAE / IBPSA-USA 2022

Data Center Chiller Plant: Simulation-based Comparative Control Design Case Study (2022 ASHRAE/IBPSA-USA Building Performance Analysis Conference and SimBuild)

Give cooling plant templates a control-sequence attribute (for example Guideline 36 condenser-water reset, economizer modes); it materially changes annual energy.

Alternative (Guideline 36-based) controls cut cooling energy 25% annually and about 18% in a typical summer.

Cooling Energy Operations

Research paperPDF

arXiv (University of Michigan preprint) 2026

Data Center Cooling Choices Shift Water Impacts Across the Grid: An Integrated Water-Energy Model for Sustainable Data Center Development

In cooling selection, calculate direct and indirect water together: an air-cooled chiller cut direct water 97% but raised the indirect share to 96.6% and electricity by 32%.

Indirect water intensity varied by about 50% across months, depending on which generators supplied the added load.

Water Cooling Energy

Read / Download

Technical guideFree to read

Uptime Institute Journal 2014

Data Center Cooling: CRAC/CRAH redundancy, capacity, and selection metrics (Hussein Shehata)

When only perimeter CRAC/CRAH cooling is selected, warn above about 6 kW average per cabinet and require row, rack or liquid cooling for 20 kW and above.

Passive hot-air-removal cabinets cannot remove more heat than the cold air supplied, debunking 20 kW+ per cabinet claims.

Cooling Airflow Racks

Research paperPDF

Buildings (MDPI AG) 2024

Data Center Energy Evaluation Tool Development and Analysis of Power Usage Effectiveness with Different Economizer Types in Various Climate Zones

Choose economiser type by climate zone: consider indirect economisers in 0A/0B and wet zones (PUE 0.03-0.07 lower) and adding evaporative cooling in dry zones (0.02-0.05).

More than 95% of a data centre's total cooling load comes from heat generated by IT equipment.

Cooling Energy Performance metrics

Read / Download

Research paperFree to read

arXiv preprint (University College Dublin) 2025

Data Center Model for Transient Stability Analysis of Power Systems

Expose UPS transfer thresholds (voltage %, frequency Hz), return-to-mains delay and staggering across UPS modules as design parameters, and warn when all modules share identical thresholds and delays, since synchronised reconnection can re-trip the grid.

Cooling accounts for about 30% of total power of standalone data centers and is modelled as an induction motor.

Electrical UPS Reliability

White paperFree to read

Schneider Electric 2012

Data Center Projects: Advantages of Using a Reference Design

Store reference designs as structured objects with required attribute fields (IT kW range, redundancy N/N+1/2N for power and cooling, density kW/rack, annualized PUE, heat rejection type, estimated cost) plus linked one-lines, layouts and BOM lines (part number, qty, supplier).

Graphics: electrical, mechanical and IT one-lines; layouts with dimensions and clearances of racks, PDUs, CRAC/CRAHs, UPSs, generators, switchboards, ATSs; 3D views.

Operations Electrical Cooling

White paperFree to read

Schneider Electric 2015

Data Center Projects: Establishing a Floor Plan

Run the layout engine on a 600 mm / 2 ft grid with row-pair pitch presets A-D (14/16/16/18 ft), auto-selected from raised-floor, rear-door accessory, containment and density inputs.

Rack-location estimate: room area / 28 sq ft (2.6 m2) per rack.

Airflow Racks Site planning

White paperFree to read

Schneider Electric 2012

Data Center Projects: Growth Model

Capture the IT load profile at project setup as four fields (initial kW, minimum final kW, maximum final kW, ramp-up years, default lifetime 10 years), not one design load.

kW = BTU/hr x .000293 and kW = tons x 3.52; each IT watt becomes a watt of heat, so the cooling profile equals the load profile.

Energy Operations Electrical

Technical guideFree to read

Data Center Knowledge 2024

Data Center Rack Density Has Doubled. And It's Still Not Enough

When a user places GPU servers in a rack, compute kW from server count and warn if the rack budget is exceeded (e.g. one DGX H100 = 10.2 kW).

AFCOM average rack density: 6.1 kW in the first report, 12 kW in the 2024 report.

Racks Cooling Liquid cooling

All content and rights belong to the respective authors and publishers. SoSo CAD provides only the citation, its own summary and a link to the source, and is not responsible for the sources' content.

Monthly newsletter · free

Keep your reading list current

Once a month: new library sources, changes to Turkish regulations and upcoming data centre events.