Topic guide
Explore references on reliability, availability and redundant architectures. Review failure models, maintenance arrangements and system dependencies while keeping the evidence, methods and scope of each publication in view.
49–72 / 255
Teksan 2020
Compare the generator start-plus-transfer time with UPS autonomy and show the margin in the design file.
Socomec 2024
In the single-line editor, tag transfer devices as ATSE (IEC 60947-6-1) or STS with a transfer-time field, and suggest STS where the load needs under about 10 ms.
Uptime Institute Journal 2021
Require VESDA in white space and electrical rooms.
Caterpillar 2014
Store per rating the kW, average-load-factor limit, annual-hour limit, overload allowance and a utility-paralleling-permitted flag.
Springer Science and Business Media LLC (preprint) 2026
Make the 0.1-10 Hz oscillation, 1.40 peak-to-mean ratio and coincidence factor explicit inputs in the AI campus load model, and check storage and buffering against grid ramp limits.
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS (World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society (WSEAS)) 2026
Follow the energy-balance chain in a PV/BESS sizing helper (daily load split, conversion losses, usable depth of discharge, power rating against night peak); report usable-energy duration rather than nameplate duration and make DoD an explicit input.
ASME (Digital Infrastructure column) 2026
Default CDUs to N+1 per row or pod.
Consulting-Specifying Engineer 2018
Support both distributed-redundant and catcher/reserve UPS topologies with automatic post-failure load checks, warning if any unit exceeds 100% after a single failure.
Cummins 2015
Compare candidate set sizes on count, footprint, install and maintenance cost for the target N+x, preferring fewer larger sets where the site allows.
Eaton 2017
Treat the UPS in inverter mode as a current-limited source in the short-circuit engine, with catalogue fields inverterIscMultiple, inverterIscDuration_ms, bypassIcw and maxProspectiveFaultAtBypass.
ABB 2008
For main switchboards with two transformers plus bus tie, or generator paralleling boards, flag that conventional time selectivity cannot discriminate fault direction and propose directional or directional-zone selectivity on incomers and bus tie.
Uptime Institute Journal 2014
In Tier III/IV templates, route two independent active paths from UPS output to each rack.
Buildings (MDPI AG) 2025
Plan UPS maintenance from a condition table that maps each unit's state to MTBF and MTTR, then pick the units to maintain that meet target availability at the lowest cost.
Eaton 2015
Keep an efficiency curve per mode (double conversion versus eco/ESS) and the transfer time in the catalogue.
Schneider Electric 2014
Compute eco savings through the PUE stack (UPS loss plus the cooling of that loss), not from the UPS efficiency delta alone.
Uptime Institute Journal 2016
Catalogue economizer units with operating modes, restart time and recirculation capability.
arXiv preprint (Harvard University et al.) 2025
For AI-campus grid studies, use the default rack-density bands (7-10 kW traditional, 30-100+ kW AI).
Uptime Institute Intelligence 2022
Add EMP and geomagnetic disturbance (GMD) to the risk register as an optional site hazard.
Enerji Piyasası Düzenleme Kurumu (EPDK) 2014
In power-quality checks, assess harmonic current emission of UPS and IT loads against Annex 8 limits at the point of common coupling, and size active filters if needed.
Bilgi Teknolojileri ve İletişim Kurumu (BTK) 2014
In the telecom client profile, enforce 2-year access-log retention, underground or protected utility entries and support-system redundancy checks.
arXiv (preprint, submitted to IEEE) 2026
Store operating-mode behaviour in the UPS catalogue and electrical model: eco-mode availability, transfer thresholds and timers (for example 0.7 p.u./20 ms to battery), and a post-event rectifier ramp time.
Burns & McDonnell 2025
Add a BESS catalogue type with chemistry, MW, MWh, connection voltage and UL 9540A test reference.
ACM e-Energy '26 (author version on arXiv) 2025
Add a ride-through check to the electrical module: compare the selected UPS input tolerance (IEC 62040-3 class) and IT tolerance (ITI/CBEMA) against the applicable grid-code LVRT envelope for the site's region, and flag the gap.
arXiv preprint (Black & Veatch / University of Central Missouri) 2025
In gigawatt-scale data-centre interconnection studies, add the load-loss scenario from IT load transferring to UPS in a voltage dip (for example 5 × 200 MW with a 1:1 split giving 500 MW) to the grid frequency and voltage analysis.
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