Recently added

White paperFree to read

Schneider Electric · 2016

Analysis of Data Center Architectures Supporting Open Compute Project (OCP)

Offer reference architectures 'traditional 2N', 'OCP 1N', 'OCP 2N (no central UPS, 1N BBU)' and 'simplified 2N mixed-load (single UPS path)' in the topology builder; let a rack type declare power shelf, BBU runtime and PSU redundancy.

• Simplified mixed-load 2N costs a 3% premium over OCP-specific 2N.

ElectricalUPSRacks

Research paperPDF

ITEGAM- Journal of Engineering and Technology for Industrial Applications (ITEGAM-JETIA) (GN1 Sistemas e Publicacoes Ltd.) · 2021

Analysis of Power Quality Parameters at Comparing UPS of Different Technologies

Choose online double-conversion UPS for loads where power quality improvement is expected; an offline UPS passes harmonics and unbalance through to the load side.

• Output power factor: offline UPS 0.95, online UPS 0.97 (PRODIST range 0.92-1.00).

UPSElectrical

Read / Download

Technical guideFree to read

Vertiv · 2016

Analysis of Pumped Refrigerant Economizers: Supporting the California Energy Commission Approval of the Liebert DSE System for Use in California Data Centers

Add a pumped-refrigerant economizer DX type to the cooling-option library, with economizer hours modelled as a function of ambient, load fraction and return-air temperature.

• Refrigerant pump power is typically below 5% of compressor power for the same capacity.

CoolingEnergyWater

RegulationPDF

European Commission · 2026

Annexes 1 to 3 to Commission Delegated Regulation C(2026) 3472 - EU data centre energy (PUE) and water (WUE) efficiency classes, data centre label, and amendments to Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/1364

Translate PUE and WUE targets into A-G classes: class A needs a design PUE of 1.15 or below and WUE of 0.1 or below; the class D boundary is 1.5 and 0.6. Write the class target into the design specification.

• WUE classes: A <= 0.1; B 0.1-0.2; C 0.2-0.4; D 0.4-0.6; E 0.6-0.8; F 0.8-1.0; G > 1.0.

Performance metricsRegulatoryWater

Read / Download

Technical guideCitation

Uptime Institute · 2020

Annual Outage Analysis 2020: causes and impacts of publicly recorded IT service and data center outages 2016-2019

In reliability explainers, state that physical redundancy covers only part of outage risk.

• Scope: publicly recorded outages from 2016-2019.

ReliabilityOperations

Technical guideCitation

Uptime Institute · 2023

Annual Outage Analysis 2023 - report landing page

Present outage statistics in the reliability report with uncertainty caveats rather than as precise probabilities.

• More than two-thirds of outages cost more than $100,000.

ReliabilityOperations

Technical guideCitation

Uptime Institute · 2024

Annual Outage Analysis 2024 - executive summary landing page

Use it as a reference for annual outage statistics when justifying redundancy in the power chain.

• For 16% of respondents the latest outage cost exceeded $1 million.

ReliabilityOperations

StandardCitation

ASHRAE · 2020

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 127-2020, Method of Testing for Rating Computer and Data Processing Room Unitary Air Conditioners

In the CRAC catalogue, record rated capacity and efficiency (NSenCOP) on the basis of AHRI 1360 / ASHRAE 127 test conditions.

• Standard 127-2020 is listed with product code 86408.

CoolingPerformance metrics

StandardFree to read

ASHRAE · 2022

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 90.4-2022, Energy Standard for Data Centers - ASHRAE fact sheet

In the compliance calculator, compute annualised MLC and design ELC per segment (UPS, distribution, PDU) and compare them with climate-zone limits.

• The standard applies to data centres with power density above 20 W/ft2 and IT load above 10 kW.

EnergyPerformance metricsElectrical

StandardCitation

BICSI (via Cabling Installation & Maintenance) · 2019

ANSI/BICSI 002-2019, Data Center Design and Implementation Best Practices (release announcement)

Keep BICSI 002 edition history (2014, 2019, 2024) in the standards registry for projects citing older editions.

• Previous edition; superseded by BICSI 002-2024.

ElectricalCoolingSite planning

StandardCitation

BICSI · 2024

ANSI/BICSI 009-2024, The Standard for Data Center Operations

Reference the current edition of this standard in the operations checklist module.

• Related standard: ANSI/BICSI 002-2024.

Operations

StandardCitation

Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) · 2024

ANSI/TIA-942-C, Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard for Data Centers (TIA standard page)

Offer a rating-level selector (Rated-1..4) that is separate from Uptime Tiers.

• Revision C was published in May 2024.

Site planningElectricalCooling

Technical guideFree to read

Aksa Power Generation · 2026

APD 2751 M Diesel Generator Set (Data Center) - Technical Datasheet

Add ESP and DCP kW/kVA, rated current, fuel l/h at 50/75/100%, exhaust flow and heat, radiator airflow and allowable external static, dimensions/weight and base tank as generator catalog fields.

• Fuel consumption at 100/75/50% DCC load: 528/390/264 l/h.

GeneratorsElectrical

Technical guideFree to read

Consulting-Specifying Engineer · 2016

Applying NFPA 75 in data centers

Define the IT room default as 1-hour separation, 3/4-hour doors and fire and smoke dampers at penetrations.

• Doors in the separation must be 3/4-hour rated.

Fire safetySite planning

Technical guideFree to read

Uptime Institute Journal (Uptime Institute) · 2015

Arc Flash Mitigation in the Data Center

Include an arc flash incident-energy study placeholder and a labelling output for each switchboard in the electrical module.

• Incident energy is measured in cal/cm2.

ElectricalOperations

White paperFree to read

Siemens · 2020

Arc-fault mitigation in unit substations (white paper)

In the arc-flash module, evaluate incident energy at the LV main line-side terminals using the upstream MV device's clearing time, not the LV main's.

• MV primary fuse clearing: about 900 ms and 38.3 cal/cm2; LV main with 0.4 s short-time delay: 17.0 cal/cm2.

ElectricalOperations

Research paperPDF

Standards (MDPI AG) · 2026

Arc-Flash Hazards: Standards Development Framework in Facilities of National Importance in Healthcare and Data Centers

Schedule the arc-flash study after the coordination study and make that order a mandatory step in the project plan and model.

• Example studies assumed available utility fault current of 21,000 A for the 440 V residential service and 21,000-40,000 A for the 480 V/1200 A commercial service.

ElectricalOperationsCommissioning

Read / Download

Research paperPDF

Energies (MDPI AG) · 2023

Artificial Intelligence-Based Temperature Twinning and Pre-Control for Data Center Airflow Organization

For an operational thermal twin, define adequate sensor density covering supply, return, cold-aisle and hot-aisle temperatures and equipment power (728 points at 15-minute sampling in this study).

• The DQN controller cut PUE by an average of 2.6% and WUE by 2.5% over a year.

AirflowOperationsCooling

Read / Download

StandardCitation

ASHRAE · 2024

ASHRAE Datacom Series (TC 9.9) - series overview incl. IT Equipment Power Trends 3rd ed., Best Practices for Datacom Facility Energy Efficiency 2nd ed., Particulate and Gaseous Contamination 2nd ed., Green Tips

Use Book 2 (IT Equipment Power Trends) for default kW-per-rack growth projections.

• Book 10: Green Tips for Data Centers (2011), product 90554.

CoolingEnergyPerformance metrics

StandardFree to read

ASHRAE · 2024

ASHRAE TC 9.9 technical input to the European Commission on the review of Regulation 2019/424 (Ecodesign of servers and data storage)

Do not hard-code A2 as the minimum class; allow H1/A1 classes for AI racks.

• Letter from ASHRAE TC 9.9 to DG GROW, dated 8 July 2024.

CoolingLiquid coolingEnergy

Technical guideFree to read

Consulting-Specifying Engineer · 2019

ASHRAE's energy standard for data centers turns three

Implement the 90.4 MLC and ELC calculators with the correct test load points per UPS redundancy class (N/N+1 vs 2N).

• Annualized MLC requires an hourly energy simulation, also checked at 100% and 50% ITE load.

EnergyPerformance metricsCooling

Research paperPDF

arXiv preprint (cs.AI), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health · 2026

Assessing the Carbon Emissions and Energy Consumption of U.S. Hyperscale Data Centers

In fleet or facility energy estimation, use capacity × 8,760 × facility-load coefficient (0.48-0.70, central 0.58) and report the range (67.7-98.6 TWh) explicitly.

• State-level intensities (central scenario): Virginia 535, Oregon 440, Iowa 645, Nebraska 740, Wyoming 1035 gCO2/kWh; Virginia had 142 HDCs, 21.0 TWh, 11.5 Mt.

EnergySustainabilitySite planning

Read / Download

Technical guidePDF

European Commission, DG ENER (AIT, Borderstep Institute, EY) · 2025

Assessment of next steps to promote the energy performance and sustainability of data centres in EU, including the establishment of an EU-wide rating scheme - Second technical report

Align the PUE target of new designs with the proposed MPS: design PUE below 1.3 and operational PUE below 1.4 in the first three years; for existing sites plan the path to below 1.5 by 2030.

• MPS feasibility was tested across 27 data centre archetypes with selected best available techniques (BAT).

RegulatoryPerformance metricsWater

Read / Download

White paperFree to read

Schneider Electric · 2011

Avoidable Mistakes that Compromise Cooling Performance in Data Centers and Network Rooms

In layout validation, raise an error when adjacent rows of front-to-back equipment face the same direction, and a warning for perforated tiles or supply diffusers in a hot aisle.

• About 25% of data centres face all racks the same way; over 30% of hot/cold-aisle rooms get supply and return wrong.

AirflowCoolingRacks

All content and rights belong to the respective authors and publishers. SoSo CAD provides only the citation, its own summary and a link to the source, and is not responsible for the sources' content.