Collection
Peer-reviewed articles and preprints; most are downloadable under open licences.
169–183 / 183
Energies (MDPI AG) 2019
Calculate the permissible time for a cooling outage with a pipe-volume energy balance and set the backup-cooling start time accordingly (here 300 s); high-temperature, contained designs give less time.
Energies (MDPI AG) 2025
When evaluating turning liquid-cooled data-centre waste heat into electricity, weigh RTE (76-83%) against specific cost (767-1125 USD/kWh); higher RTE can come with a cost increase.
arXiv preprint (University of Alberta) 2026
In large-load interconnection negotiation, present AI load flexibility (a deferral window of up to about 3 hours) as a lever for interconnection capacity and timing; returns diminish beyond 3 hours.
Scientific Reports (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 2017
Add HF toxicity to risk assessments for enclosed battery rooms and BESS: take 20-200 mg/Wh of stored energy and compare the resulting room concentration with the IDLH (0.025 g/m³) and 10-minute AEGL-3 values.
Frontiers in Toxicology (Frontiers Media SA) 2026
When selecting a two-phase immersion fluid, add toxicology and occupational exposure limit (here WEEL 200 ppm) to the specification alongside boiling point (40-60 °C), dielectric strength, non-flammability and material compatibility.
arXiv preprint (Nanyang Technological University / NVIDIA AI Technology Center) 2025
For fast what-if analysis consider a CFD-trained surrogate (inference about 0.01 s), but state that the surrogate is only as accurate as the CFD it was trained on and is not validated against measurements.
arXiv preprint (Emerald AI / NVIDIA / Salt River Project / EPRI) 2025
Provide a demand-response calculator that maps a workload mix and flexibility tiers (allowed throughput loss) to achievable curtailment depth and duration, with ramp-time settings to avoid rebound.
Electronics (MDPI AG) 2025
In rack power-chain efficiency calculations, treat the number of stages and each stage's efficiency as separate inputs, and show the benefit of fewer stages at load points (low and high current).
Nature (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 2025
Add a cooling-technology comparison calculator that computes annual energy as IT MW x load factor x PUE x 8760 and applies the paper's Table 3 deltas (PUE -3%/-6%, IT capacity +3%/+6%) and Table 4 savings ranges as tagged defaults.
Energies (MDPI AG) 2022
When considering VRLA UPS strings for grid services, account for frequency regulation (especially in a low SOC window) degrading batteries much faster than peak shaving, with capacity loss tracking internal resistance rise.
Energies (MDPI AG) 2018
Calculate battery room ventilation from hydrogen emission per BS EN 62485 (here 42.3 m³/h or 0.12 m² for a 20 m³ room) and separately show the time to reach LEL if ventilation fails.
arXiv preprint (University of Texas at Austin; formatted for IEEE Transactions on Power Systems) 2025
Model AI data-centre load as a persistent periodic forcing (0.3-1.5 Hz band, about 20% of peak fluctuating) rather than a ramp, and add oscillation analysis to the grid-interconnection study.
IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)) 2025
Do not present facility PUE as the whole efficiency story: add an optional server-overhead factor (sPUE) to the energy model and show an 'effective PUE' = PUE x sPUE next to PUE.
Sustainability (MDPI AG) 2025
In waste-heat use, first match technology to source temperature (heat pump 20-55 °C, absorption cooling 30-85 °C) and think of electricity, heat, cooling and storage together rather than a single technology.
IEEE (Energy Efficient HPC Working Group paper; hosted by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory) 2021
Use the eight-section outline as the skeleton for the controls part of an Owner's Project Requirements before the Basis of Design starts.
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