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Scientific papers

Peer-reviewed articles and preprints; most are downloadable under open licences.

Sources
183
Downloadable PDFs
139
Years
2014–2026
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145–168 / 183

Research paperFree to read

Revista de Informática Teórica e Aplicada (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul) 2019

Stochastic Models for Optimizing Availability, Cost and Sustainability of Data Center Power Architectures through Genetic Algorithm

Recognise that topology choice is only part of availability; equipment selection within a fixed topology can trade availability, losses and cost.

  • Tier I: cost 122,322.20 to 116,004.52 USD (5.16%), exergy 203.39 to 140.13 J (31.10%), availability 3.3643 to 3.4005 nines.
ReliabilityElectricalEnergy
Research paperPDF

Sustainability (MDPI AG) 2021

Strategies for Improving the Sustainability of Data Centers via Energy Mix, Energy Conservation, and Circular Energy

Calculate UPS load ratio (80% for 800 kW in a modular arrangement, 53% in parallel-redundant) and losses at design stage; consider specifying UPS efficiency at 30% load and compare a SiC-based power stage (above 98%).

  • CUE is defined as total CO2 emissions over ICT energy, or equivalently the CO2 emission factor × PUE.
SustainabilityEnergyUPS
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Research paperPDF

IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)) 2025

Study of DC Arc Flash Phenomenon From 1000 V Lithium Ion Battery Systems

In arc flash estimation for high-voltage battery rooms, do not use the maximum-power method alone with an enclosure multiplier; cross-check unrealistic results with measurement-based models such as Ammerman's.

  • 91 arc-flash experiments were performed on LFP and LTO lithium-ion battery sources at voltages up to roughly 1000 VDC.
ElectricalUPSFire safety
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Research paperPDF

Journal of Cleaner Production (Elsevier BV) 2025

Sustainable AI infrastructure: A scenario-based forecast of water footprint under uncertainty

In water-footprint planning, calculate on-site (WUE), off-site electricity (PUE × EWIF) and embodied hardware water as separate items.

  • Under BAU, water demand rises nearly sevenfold between 2030 and 2050; improvements in WUE, EWIF and embodied water could cut 2050 use by up to 95% against BAU.
WaterSustainabilityCooling
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Research paperPDF

Sustainability (MDPI AG) 2026

Sustainable Grid Integration of AI Data Centers: Carbon-Aware Co-Optimization of Training Workloads and Battery Storage Under Renewable Uncertainty

Do not size behind-the-meter battery storage on an emission-reduction case; round-trip losses mean storage alone adds nothing and can raise emissions. Justify it with a concrete duty such as masking checkpoint dips.

  • The modelled AI fleet drew about 627 MWh/day (about 152 t/day CO2); flexibility abated 39 t/day, about 26% of the fleet's own emissions.
EnergySustainabilityUPS
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Research paperFree to read

arXiv preprint (Microsoft Azure Research / University of Illinois) 2025

TAPAS: Thermal- and Power-Aware Scheduling for LLM Inference in Cloud Platforms

Couple thermal and power headroom in the design tool: show how inlet temperature rise with outdoor conditions (for economiser or adiabatic systems) erodes GPU thermal margin and can trigger throttling.

  • GPU temperature must stay below a threshold (for example 85 C) beyond which hardware throttles computation.
CoolingElectricalOperations
Research paperPDF

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 2022

Techno-economic analysis of a PV/T waste heat–driven compound ejector-heat pump for simultaneous data centre cooling and district heating using low global warming potential refrigerants

When combining data-centre cooling and heat recovery for district heating in one heat-pump system, select the refrigerant among low-GWP alternatives with COP, PUE, ERF and payback together.

  • R290 gave the highest ERF of the refrigerants examined.
SustainabilityEnergyPerformance metrics
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Research paperFree to read

Swiss Federal Office of Energy SFOE (Energy Research and Cleantech); preprint on arXiv 2025

Temperature Optimisation in Data Centres (TODC) - Final report

Add an IT-side penalty of about 0.3-0.6% of IT power per C of inlet rise above about 23 C (a configurable default) to the setpoint optimiser and energy calculator, and model fan power with the cube of speed.

  • Reported hyperscale inlet temperatures: Google 26.6 C, Microsoft 27 C, Meta 29.4 C.
AirflowRacksEnergy
Research paperFree to read

ACM SIGEnergy Energy Informatics Review (Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)) 2023

The Dirty Secret of SSDs: Embodied Carbon

In the storage catalogue, store embodied carbon per drive SKU: a default of 0.16 kgCO2e/GB for SSD (Tannu and Nair SEF) and a much lower HDD default.

  • Server emissions are concentrated in the operational phase, whereas about 80% of an iPhone's emissions come from manufacturing.
SustainabilityRacks
Research paperFree to read

Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing (ACM) 2024

The Sunk Carbon Fallacy: Rethinking Carbon Footprint Metrics for Effective Carbon-Aware Scheduling

Keep embodied-carbon amortisation (TE x T/EL) in procurement, refresh and design-option comparisons, and use operational carbon only for runtime placement and scheduling recommendations.

  • Scheduling by SCI raised datacenter carbon by nearly 30%; the penalty was over 15% at 40-80% utilisation.
SustainabilityPerformance metricsOperations
Research paperPDF

Sustainability (MDPI AG) 2015

The Water Footprint of Data Centers

Compare HVAC options not only by on-site water use but by total water footprint including the grid's water intensity (WUEsource); the ranking can flip with the grid.

  • Outbound data traffic carries a water footprint of 1-205 litres per gigabyte; the high end is close to the 214 L footprint of 1 kg of tomatoes.
WaterSustainabilityCooling
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Research paperPDF

Buildings (MDPI AG) 2026

Thermal Environment Assessment for Energy-Efficient Cooling in Air-Cooled Data Centers: Measurement, CFD, and Predictive Models

In a design tool, set CFD accuracy expectations from this review's ranges (0.1-4 °C absolute, relative mostly below 20%) and do not limit validation scope to temperature; ask for velocity and pressure too.

  • Of the 58 CFD studies, Fluent was used in 24 (41.4%) and 6SigmaDC in 12; standard k-epsilon in 41 (about 70.7%).
AirflowCoolingPerformance metrics
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Research paperPDF

Energies (MDPI AG) 2017

Thermal Impact Analysis of Circulating Current in High Power Modular Online Uninterruptible Power Supplies Application

For paralleled modules in a modular UPS, do not look only at the N+1 redundancy count; add to the design check that module-to-module filter and control parameter differences cause circulating current and thermal imbalance.

  • The authors recommend keeping overshoot or sag on module switching within 10% of nominal critical-bus voltage.
UPSElectricalReliability
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