The engineer’s reference desk
457–480 / 1,044 sources
STULZ 2026
In the liquid-cooling module size TCS flow at about 1.5 L/min/kW by default and store CDU approach temperature and external static pressure.
Open Compute Project Foundation 2024
Store CDU capacity in the catalogue using this rating basis (kW at 5 C ATD, 1.5 LPM/kW, head and FWS impedance) so units from different vendors can be compared, and derate when the design ATD or flow differs.
Eaton 2018
Add cathode chemistry, oxygen-release flag, float life, maximum charge C-rate and BMS disconnect limits (V, I, T) to the battery catalogue.
Uptime Institute Journal 2019
Catalogue battery chemistry per UPS with an approved-location field (battery room versus data hall) and charger compatibility flags.
International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR 2024) 2024
In AI data-centre carbon estimation, compute operational (FLOPs, power, PUE, grid intensity) and embodied (chip area × CPA, memory and storage per GB) carbon together; in a renewable-powered facility embodied carbon rises to 92-95%.
7x24 Exchange Magazine 2024
Generate a commissioning test plan from the design: one load bank test entry per genset (resistive-inductive at rated kVA).
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Buildings (MDPI AG) 2026
In IEC control, stage airflow to follow load rate and spray to follow room temperature, and prefer a low fresh/return air ratio.
arXiv preprint (math.OC), MIT Operations Research Center 2025
In data-centre carbon accounting, consider hourly locational marginal emissions (LME) rather than an annual-average grid factor; the LME-based intensity (about 672 kgCO2/MWh) was about 3 times the average factor (202).
IEC 2017
In a fault-loop checker, compute fault-loop impedance for each final and distribution circuit and verify automatic disconnection times for the chosen earthing system.
IEC 2016
In a commissioning module, generate an initial-verification test schedule per circuit from the design model: continuity, insulation resistance, polarity, fault-loop impedance and RCD tests.
IEC 2025
In the electrical rules engine, use IEC 60364-1 as the root of the low-voltage rule set.
IEC 2024
When cable routes cross fire-compartment boundaries, require a fire-stopping element and warn if it is missing.
IEC 2023
In cable and protection sizing, implement Ib <= In <= Iz and I2 <= 1.45 Iz style coordination checks together with short-circuit withstand.
IEC 2024
In surge and EMC design, add an SPD placement rule set: origin of the installation, sub-distribution and sensitive IT boards, with DC SPDs for battery and PV DC buses.
IEC 2024
In the cable sizing engine, base ampacity on installation-method tables with grouping and temperature derating.
IEC 2024
In the switchgear catalogue, tag devices with isolation suitability and RCD/RCM/IMD monitoring functions.
IEC 2021
Size protective conductors using the adiabatic k-factor check or the table method.
IEC 2018
In source modelling, keep safety-service loads (fire pumps, smoke extract, emergency lighting) on a separate bus fed by a qualified safety source.
IEC 2019
In the energy module, score the electrical design for losses (transformer, UPS, cable I2R) and metering granularity.
IEC 2020
In the switchboard catalogue, store the assembly's rated current (InA), the group rated current or rated diversity factor per circuit, Icw/Ipk and the form of separation.
IEC 2020
On the main LV switchboard object, require form of separation (1-4b) as a catalogue field and default to Form 3b/4 for concurrently maintainable designs.
IEC 2024
Board selection rule: allow the DBO type only for office/support-area final boards within the 250 A/125 A limits.
IEC 2012
In the busway object, catalogue rated current, Icw, R/X per metre, tap-off ratings and IP class.
Communications of the ACM (Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)) 2025
Separate withdrawal from consumption in water outputs, and default cooling-tower consumption to about 80% of withdrawal when water quality is good.
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