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Topic guide

Cooling

Explore technical publications on data centre cooling systems, thermal loads and operating conditions. Review air and liquid approaches, energy use and operational requirements within each source’s scope.

Sources
339
Downloadable PDFs
92
Years
2006–2026
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289–312 / 339

White paperPDF

Open Compute Project Foundation Year not stated

Guidelines for Using Propylene Glycol-Based Heat Transfer Fluids in Single-Phase Cold Plate-Based Liquid Cooled Racks (OCP white paper)

Write the PG25 or PG55 choice into the fluid specification according to the freeze protection the climate needs, and record that keeping glycol above 25% by volume removes the need for biocide.

  • Maximum corrosion rates under ASTM D8040-17: copper 0.22 mpy (5 mg/coupon), brass 0.46 mpy (10 mg/coupon).
Liquid coolingCoolingCommissioning
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Technical guideCitation

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 2017

Humidity Control in Data Centers (March 8, 2017)

Write the humidity strategy around room dew point: set a wide dead band (about 16 °F to 59 °F dew point unless the IT owner agrees a higher lower limit) rather than a narrow RH band.

  • Class A1 equipment is known to function up to 90 °F and A4 up to 113 °F, although all classes share the same recommended range.
CoolingAirflowWater
Technical guidePDF

Open Compute Project Foundation 2025

Modular Technology Cooling System for "Cloud Scale": Design & Delivery of Liquid to Rack Distribution Systems, Version 1.0 (25 August 2025)

When sizing TCS capacity against electrical capacity, state the cold-plate capture fraction (70-80%) and target delta-T (10 or 20 C) explicitly, and use the roughly doubled delivery at 20 C (4,845 versus 2,422 kW) as design headroom.

  • Most IT equipment is designed for a 10 C coolant delta-T, with some designs considering 20 C.
Liquid coolingCoolingReliability
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Technical guidePDF

Open Compute Project Foundation 2020

Design Guidelines for Immersion-Cooled IT Equipment, Revision 1.0 (December 2020)

Compare the bill of materials of a server to be immersed (cable jackets, heat-shrink, EPDM capacitors, CMOS battery, relays, thermal paste) against the paper's problem table and obtain a compatibility statement from the fluid supplier for each item.

  • In Soxhlet extraction testing, a mass loss below 2% indicates good material compatibility; the 48-hour test gives worst-case results.
Liquid coolingCoolingRacks
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Technical guidePDF

U.S. DOE FEMP 2010

Operations & Maintenance Best Practices: A Guide to Achieving Operational Efficiency, Release 3.0 (August 2010)

Choose maintenance strategy by equipment criticality: predictive for critical equipment with random failures, preventive for equipment subject to wear, reactive for small non-critical items; build a master equipment list and priority matrix.

  • Boiler combustion tuning and related O&M can yield fuel savings of 2% to 20%.
OperationsEnergyCooling
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White paperFree to read

Schneider Electric 2012

The Different Technologies for Cooling Data Centers

Use the 13 methods to seed the cooling-plant catalogue enum (dx_air, dx_glycol, dx_water, chw_crah, pumped_refrigerant, self_contained, rooftop, direct_fresh_air_evap, indirect_air_economizer)

  • 13 basic heat-removal methods are identified; 11 rely on the refrigeration cycle as the primary means
CoolingAirflow
Technical guideCitation

NREL 2017

Thermosyphon Cooler Hybrid System for Water Savings in an Energy-Efficient HPC Data Center: Modeling and Installation (NREL/CP-2C00-66690, February 2017)

Place a dry stage upstream of the tower and size it against the share of hours where warm return water exceeds dry-bulb temperature by enough margin, as the 9.4 °C transition point does here.

  • Building heat reuse peaks at 0.434 MW of a 0.910 MW load, leaving 0.496 MW to reject to atmosphere.
CoolingLiquid coolingWater

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