Site planning

arXiv preprint (Black & Veatch / University of Central Missouri) · 2025

Enhancing Grid Resilience for Giga-Watt Scale Data Centers Using High Voltage Circuit Breaker Operated Braking Resistors

In gigawatt-scale data-centre interconnection studies, add the load-loss scenario from IT load transferring to UPS in a voltage dip (for example 5 × 200 MW with a 1:1 split giving 500 MW) to the grid frequency and voltage analysis.

• Data-centre plant sizes are cited as ranging between 500 MW and 2 GW.

Executive Office of the President / Federal Register · 2025

Executive Order 14141: Advancing United States Leadership in Artificial Intelligence Infrastructure (January 14, 2025)

For projects assumed on federal land, put the site criteria on the checklist: soil and terrain, transmission proximity, telecom, distance from waters and air quality.

• Executive Order 14318 revoked this order.

Executive Office of the President / Federal Register · 2025

Executive Order 14318: Accelerating Federal Permitting of Data Center Infrastructure (July 23, 2025)

Check the 100 MW new-load and $500 million capex thresholds early to decide whether a US project can use the federal streamlining.

• Executive Order 14141 is revoked.

Open Compute Project Foundation · 2022

Guidelines for Connection of Liquid Cooled Information Technology Equipment (ITE) to Data Center Facility Systems, Revision 1, Version 1.0 (April 2022)

Place standard tap-off points with isolation valves, vent/drain/flush connections and strainers at every rack or CDU connection in liquid cooling layouts, sized from Q = flow x delta T x cp so future kW per position is explicit.

• Keeping FWS liquid above dew point avoids condensation; the ASHRAE recommended dew point limit for air-cooled classes A1-A4 is 15 C.

arXiv preprint (math.OC), MIT Operations Research Center · 2025

Locational Marginal Emissions for Carbon-Aware Data Center Operations in Large-Scale Power Grids

In data-centre carbon accounting, consider hourly locational marginal emissions (LME) rather than an annual-average grid factor; the LME-based intensity (about 672 kgCO2/MWh) was about 3 times the average factor (202).

• Emission rates assumed in the simulated grid: coal 800 kgCO2/MWh, gas 450 kgCO2/MWh, wind/solar/nuclear/hydro 0.

Frontiers in Environmental Science (Frontiers Media SA) · 2026

Net sustainability assessment of AI-driven data centers in the GCC: an MCDA approach framework

In AI data-centre investment assessment in hot, arid regions, weigh carbon, water, social and governance criteria together with explicit weights (0.40/0.25/0.20/0.15); indirect water (desalination energy) was about 0.68 times direct cooling water.

• In the extended boundary, embodied carbon adds 15-25% to the operational footprint.

National Institute of Standards and Technology · 2021

NIST SP 1108r4: NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards, Release 4.0

Decide which communication pathways scenario (high-DER, microgrid) applies to on-site generation, batteries and flexible load in the facility's electrical infrastructure.