Collection
Peer-reviewed articles and preprints; most are downloadable under open licences.
49–72 / 183
Energy Efficiency (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 2019
In waste-heat sales, set outlet temperature by cooling technology (air 25-35 °C, liquid up to 60 °C, two-phase up to 90 °C) and check heat-pump requirement against the district-heating generation (45-55 °C for 4G).
arXiv (University of South Carolina) 2026
In data-centre generator load-transfer and retransfer sequencing, size load steps against generator voltage and frequency limits, and split steps whose prediction band crosses a limit into smaller steps.
IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)) 2024
For UPS battery arc-flash checks at 380-1000 VDC, expect incident energy to rise sharply with voltage and arc duration above roughly 500-800 V.
Springer Science and Business Media LLC (preprint) 2026
Make the 0.1-10 Hz oscillation, 1.40 peak-to-mean ratio and coincidence factor explicit inputs in the AI campus load model, and check storage and buffering against grid ramp limits.
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS (World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society (WSEAS)) 2026
Follow the energy-balance chain in a PV/BESS sizing helper (daily load split, conversion losses, usable depth of discharge, power rating against night peak); report usable-energy duration rather than nameplate duration and make DoD an explicit input.
Electronics (MDPI AG) 2018
When selecting double-conversion UPS, include the measured efficiency curve by load point and the annual energy cost of the loss difference (here about 1380 USD per year for 450 W) in total cost of ownership.
Frontiers in Energy Research (Frontiers Media SA) 2022
For loads of 50 kW per rack and above, evaluate a hybrid cold-plate scheme (main loads on cold plates, remaining heat in air) for a PUE target below 1.2.
Buildings (MDPI AG) 2025
Plan UPS maintenance from a condition table that maps each unit's state to MTBF and MTTR, then pick the units to maintain that meet target availability at the lowest cost.
Energies (MDPI AG) 2024
Assess waste-heat sale feasibility with ERF, heat-pump COP (4.37 for 65 °C DH inlet), distance to the DH network (3-2265 m) and payback (6.44-14.98 years) together.
arXiv preprint (Stanford University) 2026
Offer rack-level smoothing storage (filter + battery/supercap + DC regulator) as a catalog item for HVDC AI racks, sized by peak power swing and grid ramp limit rather than backup energy.
Frontiers in Built Environment (Frontiers Media SA) 2024
Make aisle containment the default in raised-floor or in-row cooling: containment raised ASE from 65.69% to 85.57-90.25% and brought SHI close to zero.
arXiv preprint (Harvard University et al.) 2025
For AI-campus grid studies, use the default rack-density bands (7-10 kW traditional, 30-100+ kW AI).
Environmental Research: Energy (IOP Publishing) 2025
Calculate AI training cluster energy and power demand from measured node power (here 7.3-7.79 kW in training, 76% of TDP) rather than TDP; a TDP-based estimate inflated a 20,000-GPU cluster by 19 GWh.
arXiv (preprint, submitted to IEEE) 2026
Store operating-mode behaviour in the UPS catalogue and electrical model: eco-mode availability, transfer thresholds and timers (for example 0.7 p.u./20 ms to battery), and a post-event rectifier ramp time.
Sustainability (MDPI AG) 2023
Show evaporative free-cooling feasibility with a potential-hours study that bins the city's hourly wet-bulb distribution against mode thresholds (13 and 15 °C); in a humid climate direct evaporative mode ran only 262 h a year.
Scientific Reports (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 2025
Set up the retrofit workflow as KPI-guided: with a validated CFD model compute RCI, RHI, RTI and the recirculation index, then test rack repositioning, separators, sealing unused bays and removing badly placed ventilation units in sequence.
Energies (MDPI AG) 2025
In PUE comparisons state the facility type (edge, SMB, enterprise, colocation, hyperscale) and assign IT/facility power categories per The Green Grid definitions in detail; PUE across types is not directly comparable.
Applied Sciences (MDPI AG) 2025
When connecting waste heat to DH, fix the DH generation early: for 5G and 4G direct heat-exchanger connection suffices (PUE below 1.6, ERF above 0.85), while 3G needs a high-temperature heat pump (PUE about 2.1, payback about 14 years).
Building Simulation (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 2024
Calculate cooling plant efficiency from the lifecycle-average COP reflecting progressive IT load ramp rather than the design-point COP (in Beijing 2.9 lower than design).
Buildings (MDPI AG) 2025
Assess heat recovery from chilled-water return with a water-source heat pump and hot-water storage in annual-hour simulation; match the winter and summer outlet temperature difference (45 and 30 °C) to the user's need.
ACM e-Energy '26 (author version on arXiv) 2025
Add a ride-through check to the electrical module: compare the selected UPS input tolerance (IEC 62040-3 class) and IT tolerance (ITI/CBEMA) against the applicable grid-code LVRT envelope for the site's region, and flag the gap.
arXiv preprint (Black & Veatch / University of Central Missouri) 2025
In gigawatt-scale data-centre interconnection studies, add the load-loss scenario from IT load transferring to UPS in a voltage dip (for example 5 × 200 MW with a 1:1 split giving 500 MW) to the grid frequency and voltage analysis.
Energies (MDPI AG) 2021
In a two-phase immersion tank, set server spacing by power: at least 15 mm at 1000 W and 20 mm at 1500 W for the 85 °C surface limit, and wider for 2000 W and above.
Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer (Tech Science Press) 2026
Before adding servers to an existing hall, measure the local thermal environment of the target rack in place with server simulators and score it with IOM; RCI, SHI or RTI average away within-rack non-uniformity.
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