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Topic guide

Cooling

Explore technical publications on data centre cooling systems, thermal loads and operating conditions. Review air and liquid approaches, energy use and operational requirements within each source’s scope.

Sources
339
Downloadable PDFs
92
Years
2006–2026
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97–120 / 339

Research paperPDF

Building Simulation (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 2024

Energy performance analysis of multi-chiller cooling systems for data centers concerning progressive loading throughout the lifecycle under typical climates

Calculate cooling plant efficiency from the lifecycle-average COP reflecting progressive IT load ramp rather than the design-point COP (in Beijing 2.9 lower than design).

  • Free-cooling hours at PLR 1 ranged from 5921 h in Ulanqab to only 158 h in Hong Kong.
CoolingEnergyOperations
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Research paperPDF

Buildings (MDPI AG) 2025

Energy Performance Study of a Data Center Combined Cooling System Integrated with Heat Storage and Waste Heat Recovery System

Assess heat recovery from chilled-water return with a water-source heat pump and hot-water storage in annual-hour simulation; match the winter and summer outlet temperature difference (45 and 30 °C) to the user's need.

  • Free natural-resource cooling covers about 28% of the cooling demand.
EnergyCoolingSustainability
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Technical guideFree to read

European Union Agency for the Operational Management of Large-Scale IT Systems in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (eu-LISA) 2026

Energy-efficient data centres: a high-level overview - eu-LISA Research and Technology Monitoring Report 2026

For novice users, show the band labels (very efficient, efficient, average, inefficient) as plain-language feedback next to the computed PUE.

  • PUE bands: <= 1.2 very efficient, <= 1.3 efficient, <= 1.5 average, <= 2.0 inefficient.
EnergyPerformance metricsRegulatory
White paperPDF

Open Compute Project Foundation 2023

Evaluating the Limits of Door Heat Exchanger Solutions Optimized for Open Rack V3

Build a rear-door HX sizing helper that takes rack kW, airflow (cfm), facility water temperature and liquid-capture fraction and returns approach, leaving air temperature and fan power, with 27 C facility water and 30 C air as default reference points.

  • Assumptions: 30 C ambient (cold-aisle upper limit), sea level, 12-15 C air delta T, W27 facility water.
CoolingLiquid coolingRacks
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Research paperPDF

Buildings (MDPI AG) 2024

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Airflow Organization in Modular Data Centres Utilizing Floor Grid Air Supply

Choose raised-floor height of 600-800 mm and grille open area of about 40%; a 1000 mm floor gave only a small extra gain, and 20% or 60% open area pushed cabinet intake above 27 °C.

  • With cold-aisle containment entransy loss was 4450 kW·K, and with both cold and hot aisles contained it was 3500 kW·K.
AirflowCooling
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Research paperFree to read

Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI)) 2025

Fast 3D Surrogate Modeling for Data Center Thermal Management

Offer a fast-preview thermal mode with a voxel surrogate trained on the tool's own CFD runs: inputs of rack power by segment, CRAH setpoints, fan speeds and vent locations; output a 3D inlet-temperature map in under a second for layout iteration.

  • Surrogate inference took about 100 ms against about 35 minutes for CFD; the abstract states about a 20,000x speed-up.
AirflowCoolingOperations
Research paperPDF

Sustainability (MDPI AG) 2024

Feasibility Analysis of Indirect Evaporative Cooling System Assisted by Liquid Desiccant for Data Centers in Hot-Humid Regions

Where plain IEC falls short in a hot-humid climate (high wet-bulb), consider a liquid-desiccant pre-stage; in the Hong Kong example supplementary mechanical cooling fell from 5092 to 31 h.

  • With a 25 °C supply-air threshold, supplementary mechanical cooling hours fell from 5092 h to 31 h per year.
CoolingEnergy
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Technical guideFree to read

STULZ 2015

Free Cooling for Data Centers

Model the cooling-topology choice with five options (direct air, indirect plate, thermal wheel, CRAC with glycol dry cooler, CRAH with chiller economiser), each with a footprint multiplier and an economiser start condition.

  • Older practice: return air at 22-24 C, supply air around 12 C.
CoolingEnergyAirflow
White paperFree to read

Schneider Electric 2014

Fundamental Principles of Air Conditioners for Information Technology

Give CRAC and condenser catalogue entries cooling kW, airflow (m3/min), electrical input kW, footprint, weight and service connections (refrigerant line sizes, condensate drain, humidifier water).

  • The 50 kW CRAC needs two ~25 mm refrigerant lines, a 22.2 mm condensate drain and a 6.4 mm humidifier water line.
Cooling
Technical guidePDF

Open Compute Project Foundation 2022

Guidelines for Connection of Liquid Cooled Information Technology Equipment (ITE) to Data Center Facility Systems, Revision 1, Version 1.0 (April 2022)

Place standard tap-off points with isolation valves, vent/drain/flush connections and strainers at every rack or CDU connection in liquid cooling layouts, sized from Q = flow x delta T x cp so future kW per position is explicit.

  • Keeping FWS liquid above dew point avoids condensation; the ASHRAE recommended dew point limit for air-cooled classes A1-A4 is 15 C.
Liquid coolingCoolingSite planning
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Technical guidePDF

Open Compute Project Foundation 2026

Guidelines for Using Dielectric Heat Transfer Fluids in Two-Phase Cold Plate-Based Liquid-Cooled Racks, Revision 1.1 (March 2026)

Apply refrigerant-specific rules to two-phase DLC designs in place of water-loop rules: GWP below 700, A1 safety class, and vapour/liquid line sizing with under 0.2 bar evaporator-to-condenser loss.

  • Minimal filtration is about 100 um; ambient during operation should stay within 5-35 C.
Liquid coolingCoolingCommissioning
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