Topic guide
Explore technical publications on data centre cooling systems, thermal loads and operating conditions. Review air and liquid approaches, energy use and operational requirements within each source’s scope.
193–216 / 339
Energies (MDPI AG) 2026
Evaluate magnetic-bearing chiller investment by climate: payback was 5.8 years in a hot climate relying more on mechanical cooling, 36.6 years in a cold climate dominated by free cooling.
Schneider Electric 2015
Set density warnings by air-distribution type: uncontained flooded return above 3 kW/rack average, uncontained raised floor above 3-6 kW/rack, fan-assisted retrofit ceiling 8 kW/rack, HACS/RACS pods up to 60 kW/rack.
Schneider Electric 2020
Model each white-space zone with supplyMode and returnMode enums (flooded, targeted, contained).
Sustainability (MDPI AG) 2023
Treat an airside economiser as a strong option in moderate climates (Stockholm 86%, San Francisco 76%); in Dubai and Singapore energy can rise (+2% and +4%).
Energy Efficient HPC Working Group / U.S. DOE FEMP 2018
Give liquid-cooling components in the catalogue wetted-material lists, and flag aluminium or zinc on a loop with copper cold plates.
Upsite Technologies blog 2025
Expose server ASHRAE class as a project-level design input that drives economizer hours, chiller sizing and redundancy credit.
Schneider Electric 2016
When the user raises the inlet setpoint, include server fan power and airflow increase (flat/low/moderate/high CFM-vs-inlet curve) and CRAH fan and count changes; warn when PUE improves but total energy rises.
Schneider Electric 2017
Add passive and active ducted racks and ducted HACS to the containment selector, with density limits tied to a ceiling plenum vacuum input (default 0.03 inH2O / 7.5 Pa, warning above 0.06 inH2O / 15 Pa).
Sustainability (MDPI AG) 2015
Compare HVAC options not only by on-site water use but by total water footprint including the grid's water intensity (WUEsource); the ranking can flip with the grid.
Resources, Conservation and Recycling (Elsevier) 2025
In the water module, report both on-site WUE and grid (source) water using regional factors.
Buildings (MDPI AG) 2026
In a design tool, set CFD accuracy expectations from this review's ranges (0.1-4 °C absolute, relative mostly below 20%) and do not limit validation scope to temperature; ask for velocity and pressure too.
ASHRAE 2021
Primary reference for the thermal-class data used by the rule engine; record the edition (5th) per project.
Energies (MDPI AG) 2023
In preliminary cooling selection, make climate (humidity, haze/dust) and the free-cooling switchover point decisive inputs; direct airside economisers may be unsuitable in haze- and dust-prone regions.
Energies (MDPI AG) 2019
Calculate the permissible time for a cooling outage with a pipe-volume energy balance and set the backup-cooling start time accordingly (here 300 s); high-temperature, contained designs give less time.
Schneider Electric 2020
Add an environmentClass (it_space, commercial_office, industrial_harsh) plus indoor/outdoor flag that drives defaults and checks.
Huawei Digital Power 2024
For lithium BESS/UPS rooms, require detection and segregation sized for a 30-60 s runaway escalation.
Trane Technologies / UL Environment 2023
In preliminary embodied-carbon calculations, use 129 kg CO2e per refrigeration ton as a proxy factor for water-cooled centrifugal chillers and label it as a proxy.
Vertiv 2026
Give the rack/pod model a liquid fraction (default about 70% for direct-to-chip) so residual air load is computed automatically.
arXiv preprint (Nanyang Technological University / NVIDIA AI Technology Center) 2025
For fast what-if analysis consider a CFD-trained surrogate (inference about 0.01 s), but state that the surrogate is only as accurate as the CFD it was trained on and is not validated against measurements.
European Commission JRC 2017
Use the CoC PUE distribution (mean 1.80, falling to 1.64) as benchmark bands in the PUE calculator, showing where a design sits against CoC participants.
Türk Tesisat Mühendisleri Derneği (TTMD) - TTMD Dergisi 2026
Offer sparse-sensor temperature-field reconstruction in monitoring and digital-twin features as a fast alternative to CFD, flagged as model-based.
Schneider Electric 2017
Give the module catalog functional block, form factor, indoor/outdoor rating, walk-in flag, shipping sections, footprint and height.
Data Center Frontier 2022
Implement the CFM = kW x 3412 / (1.08 x delta-T) check per rack and per tile.
Open Compute Project Foundation 2025
Distinguish LAAC (no facility water, heat still rejected to room air) from DLC with facility water in the server catalog, and do not reduce air-side cooling load for LAAC racks.
All content and rights belong to the respective authors and publishers. SoSo CAD provides only the citation, its own summary and a link to the source, and is not responsible for the sources' content.
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