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Frontiers in Toxicology (Frontiers Media SA) · 2026

Toxicological and environmental evaluation of the two-phase immersion cooling fluid HFO-153-10mczz-E

When selecting a two-phase immersion fluid, add toxicology and occupational exposure limit (here WEEL 200 ppm) to the specification alongside boiling point (40-60 °C), dielectric strength, non-flammability and material compatibility.

• HFO-153-10mczz-E meets the OECD structural definition of a PFAS and falls in the short-chain PFAS category.

Liquid coolingSustainabilityOperations

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Technical guideCitation

Trane Technologies / UL Environment · 2023

Trane Centrifugal Chillers EPD 4790566295.101.1

In preliminary embodied-carbon calculations, use 129 kg CO2e per refrigeration ton as a proxy factor for water-cooled centrifugal chillers and label it as a proxy.

• The source value is on page 14, Table 18; the declared unit is on page 2.

CoolingSustainability

Technical guideFree to read

Vertiv · 2026

Transforming Colocation Facilities to Meet Demand for AI Compute

Give the rack/pod model a liquid fraction (default about 70% for direct-to-chip) so residual air load is computed automatically.

• Average multi-node AI pod density is projected to rise from 40-100 kW to 100-250 kW.

Liquid coolingElectricalUPS

Research paperPDF

arXiv preprint (Nanyang Technological University / NVIDIA AI Technology Center) · 2025

Transforming Future Data Center Operations and Management via Physical AI

For fast what-if analysis consider a CFD-trained surrogate (inference about 0.01 s), but state that the surrogate is only as accurate as the CFD it was trained on and is not validated against measurements.

• The CapEx of building a data centre with 100k B200 GPUs is 4.5 to 5 billion US dollars and annual electricity OpEx can reach 400 million.

AirflowOperationsCooling

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Technical guideFree to read

Cummins · 2025

Transient Performance of Generating Sets

Store per generator the ISO 8528-5 class achieved, BMEP at rated load and the maximum single load step (%) that meets the stated dip limits.

• DOL motor start draws about 4.5-8.5x FLC; star-delta about 2x FLC.

GeneratorsElectrical

Technical guidePDF

European Commission JRC · 2017

Trends in data centre energy consumption under the European Code of Conduct for Data Centre Energy Efficiency (JRC108354, EUR 28874 EN)

Use the CoC PUE distribution (mean 1.80, falling to 1.64) as benchmark bands in the PUE calculator, showing where a design sits against CoC participants.

• Most facilities report PUE of 1.6-1.8, followed by 1.8-2.0; four sites are at 1.1-1.2.

Performance metricsEnergyCooling

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Technical guideFree to read

Türk Tesisat Mühendisleri Derneği (TTMD) - TTMD Dergisi · 2026

TTMD Uluslararası Sempozyumu – Yapay Zeka ve Veri Merkezleri oturumları (TTMD International Symposium report: AI and data-centre sessions)

Offer sparse-sensor temperature-field reconstruction in monitoring and digital-twin features as a fast alternative to CFD, flagged as model-based.

• The report appeared in TTMD Dergisi issue 150 (April-June 2026).

CoolingOperationsCommissioning

RegulationFree to read

Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı (AFAD) · 2018

Turkish Building Earthquake Code (TBDY 2018)

In the site/structure module (TR profile), pull DD-2 spectral values from the AFAD map by coordinates.

• Equipment heavier than 10% of its floor's weight is treated as part of the structural system.

Site planningReliabilityRegulatory

Technical guideFree to read

Çakmak Avukatlık Bürosu · 2026

Data-centre investments in Türkiye: incentive mechanisms (Türkiye'de Veri Merkezi Yatırımları: Teşvik Mekanizmaları)

Add a 'Türkiye incentive compliance' check: TS EN 50600 AC≥3, PC≥4, GL≥3.

• Target scheme: at least 500 kW (20% contribution rate).

Site planningEnergyReliability

Technical guideFree to read

Çakmak Avukatlık Bürosu · 2026

Data-centre investments in Türkiye: energy supply of data centres

In the site and energy module for Turkish projects, let users model PPA versus unlicensed self-generation (5(1)[h], with the 5 MW cap for 5(1)[c]) and storage.

• From 1 January 2026, unlicensed plants with net-metering may add storage.

EnergySite planningSustainability

Research paperFree to read

arXiv preprint (Emerald AI / NVIDIA / Salt River Project / EPRI) · 2025

Turning AI Data Centers into Grid-Interactive Assets: Results from a Field Demonstration in Phoenix, Arizona

Provide a demand-response calculator that maps a workload mix and flexibility tiers (allowed throughput loss) to achievable curtailment depth and duration, with ramp-time settings to avoid rebound.

• 256-GPU NVIDIA A100 cluster; no hardware changes or energy storage.

EnergyOperations

StandardCitation

IEEE · 2025

Two-Phase Cooling System Performance Under Different Operating Scenarios (ITherm 2025)

Record the refrigerant (with pressure class and GWP) on two-phase CDU objects.

• Refrigerants compared include R1234ze(E), R1234ze(Z), R1233zd(E) and R1336mzz(Z).

Liquid coolingEnergyWater

Research paperPDF

Electronics (MDPI AG) · 2025

Two-Stage Power Delivery Architecture Using Hybrid Converters for Data Centers and Telecommunication Systems

In rack power-chain efficiency calculations, treat the number of stages and each stage's efficiency as separate inputs, and show the benefit of fewer stages at load points (low and high current).

• End to end, direct conversion from about 110 VAC to 1 VDC peaked at 84.1% efficiency at 50 A and fell to 73.5% at 160 A.

ElectricalRacksEnergy

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White paperFree to read

Schneider Electric · 2017

Types of Prefabricated Modular Data Centers

Give the module catalog functional block, form factor, indoor/outdoor rating, walk-in flag, shipping sections, footprint and height.

• ISO containers are 20 x 8 ft and 40 x 8 ft, 8 ft 6 in or 9 ft 6 in high-cube.

Site planningElectricalCooling

Technical guideFree to read

Data Center Frontier · 2022

Understanding the Physics of Airflow in High Density Environments (Julius Neudorfer)

Implement the CFM = kW x 3412 / (1.08 x delta-T) check per rack and per tile.

• Doubling static pressure from 0.04 to 0.08 in. H2O increases tile airflow only about 130-145% (Table 4).

AirflowCoolingRacks

StandardCitation

IEC · 2022

Uninterruptible power systems (UPS) - Part 1: Safety requirements

In the UPS catalogue, record safety certification (IEC/EN 62040-1), installation location class (restricted access or ordinary-person area) and battery type.

• Covers port voltages up to 1 000 V AC or 1 500 V DC.

UPSElectricalRegulatory

StandardCitation

IEC · 2016

Uninterruptible power systems (UPS) - Part 2: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements

Store the EMC category (C1/C2/C3) in the UPS catalog.

• Interpretation Sheet 1 (2018) is included.

UPSElectrical

StandardCitation

IEC · 2021

Uninterruptible power systems (UPS) - Part 3: Method of specifying the performance and test requirements

In the UPS catalogue, store the IEC 62040-3 classification (for example VFI-SS-111).

• Edition 3 was published on 21 April 2021 and has 94 pages.

UPSElectricalEnergy

StandardCitation

IEC · 2013

Uninterruptible power systems (UPS) - Part 4: Environmental aspects - Requirements and reporting

In the sustainability catalogue, allow UPS environmental declaration fields (materials, end of life, use-phase losses).

• Edition 1 published 2013-04-29, 34 pages.

UPSSustainability

StandardCitation

IEC · 2016

Uninterruptible power systems (UPS) - Part 5-3: DC output UPS - Performance and test requirements

In the power topology, support DC-output UPS and rectifier plants as a source type for DC distribution designs.

• Related documents: IEC 62040-3, ETSI EN 300 132-3 and OCP Open Rack.

UPSElectrical

Technical guideFree to read

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · 2026

United States Data Center Energy Usage Report: 2025 Update

Use the 2030 ranges as context in load-growth and grid-request narratives.

• Lower installations give 578 TWh.

EnergyPerformance metricsSustainability

Technical guideFree to read

Open Compute Project Foundation · 2025

Unraveling the Efficiency, Performance and Sustainability Trade-Offs: Case Study of Liquid Assisted Air Cooling vs Traditional Air Cooling (OCP EMEA Summit 2025)

Distinguish LAAC (no facility water, heat still rejected to room air) from DLC with facility water in the server catalog, and do not reduce air-side cooling load for LAAC racks.

• CPU, NIC and DC-SCM were cooler; DIMMs ran 3-6 C hotter and SSD/PSU temperatures rose.

Liquid coolingCoolingEnergy

Technical guideFree to read

Eaton · 2018

UPS Installation Safety Requirements (Smart Tricks to Improve Power Supply Reliability series)

Add backfeedProtection (internal or external), Icw/Icc rating and required SCPD to the UPS catalogue.

• Amendment 1:2013, mandatory from February 2016: declare Icw or Icc with a specified SCPD.

UPSElectricalReliability

Technical guideFree to read

Uptime Institute · 2025

Uptime Annual Outage Analysis 2025 (7th annual) - press release

When presenting availability improvements, emphasise procedure adherence and training alongside topology.

• IT and networking issues totalled 23% in 2024.

ReliabilityOperationsElectrical

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