Topic guide

Airflow

Browse references on airflow management, aisle arrangements and rack inlet conditions. Investigate cooling distribution and air mixing alongside the measurement methods and modelling assumptions reported by each source.

Sources
118
Downloadable PDFs
37
Years
2008–2026

All sources

49–72 / 118

White paperFree to read

Schneider Electric 2013

Implementing Hot and Cold Air Containment in Existing Data Centers

Build a retrofit wizard asking aisle arrangement (hot/cold yes/no), raised floor (yes/no, depth), drop-ceiling return (yes/no), rack-top-to-ceiling clearance (mm), columns in rows, overhead cabling and existing cooler type, mapped to one of the six containment types.

  • Containment raises cooling-unit deltaT and can add about 20% or more cooling capacity.
Research paperFree to read

Proceedings of the 7th ACM International Conference on Systems for Energy-Efficient Buildings, Cities, and Transportation (ACM) 2020

Kalibre: Knowledge-based Neural Surrogate Model Calibration for Data Center Digital Twins

Include a calibration workflow in the hand-over to operations: import aisle sensor data, mark per-server airflow (and bypass/recirculation) as calibration parameters with priors, and report MAE before and after calibration.

  • DOI 10.1145/3408308.3427982; arXiv:2001.10681.
Research paperPDF

Scientific Reports (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 2025

Maximizing waste heat recovery from a building-integrated edge data center

In a building-integrated edge data centre, distribute workload to servers so outlet temperatures are as high as possible (within standard limits); recoverable heat rose by up to 17.1% over random distribution.

  • Compared with randomly distributed workloads, MOTA improves waste-heat recovery by up to 17.1%.
Research paperPDF

IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)) 2017

Metrics for Sustainable Data Centers

In data-centre comparisons, do not use PUE as a cross-facility metric; normalise for IT load, weather and location, or state the same conditions.

  • Tier availability figures quoted: Tier I 99.671%, Tier II 99.741%, Tier III 99.982%, Tier IV 99.995%.
Technical guideFree to read

Uptime Institute Journal (Uptime Institute) 2021

New ASHRAE guidelines challenge efficiency drive

Tie the humidity control setting to the contamination class: allow the 70% RH upper limit only when coupon test results are entered and within limits.

  • The 5th edition includes a new high-density class.
Research paperPDF

Applied Sciences (MDPI AG) 2024

Numerical Evaluation of Hot Air Recirculation in Server Rack

Make hot-aisle back pressure (hot-aisle pressure above cold aisle) a design input in contained aisles; server inlet temperature rises once back pressure reaches the fans' free-delivery point.

  • A three-grid GCI study (1.22 to 1.99 million cells) selected a 1,799,871-cell trimmed hexahedral mesh with seven prism layers, near-wall y+ of about 5.
Research paperPDF

Buildings (MDPI AG) 2023

Numerical Investigation of Thermal Performance with Adaptive Terminal Devices for Cold Aisle Containment in Data Centers

For hot-spot removal, before choosing lower supply temperature or higher airflow outright, compare the COP drop (3.2 to 2.6) and the energy difference (20.1% and 4.2%) with a rack-specific air distribution option.

  • A grid study at 260,000 to 1,340,000 cells showed results stabilising at about 560,000 cells.
Research paperPDF

Frontiers in Energy Research (Frontiers Media SA) 2023

Performance evaluation and modeling of active tile in raised-floor data centers: An empirical study on the single rack

With active tiles, always seal under-rack gaps; if left open, low pressure at the tile surface pulls hot air in under the rack and worsens the lower servers.

  • CRACs were set to 21 °C but delivered 23 °C supply, and thermal load was about 65% of cooling capacity, so one CRAC was off.
Research paperPDF

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 2025

Performance improvement of high-density data center via two-phase liquid immersion cooling

Verify two-phase immersion PUE claims so they include the external heat-rejection loop (exchangers, pumps, pipes) and not just tank-level power; the 1.01 figure excludes it.

  • The study considers high-density data centres with a capacity of up to 1168 kW.

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