Topic guide
Browse publications on environmental impacts, carbon, resource use and life cycles. Compare assessment methods while reviewing their scope, data periods and reporting boundaries alongside the original sources.
73–96 / 201
ISO/IEC 2016
In the sustainability module, show REF on a 0-1 scale next to PUE and CUE.
ISO/IEC 2021
In a heat-reuse calculator, compute ERF as exported heat, metered at the boundary heat exchanger, divided by total facility energy, on a range of 0 to 1.
ISO/IEC 2022
In the sustainability module, compute CUE as annual CO2 from energy used (grid emission factor x grid kWh + on-site fuel emissions) divided by IT kWh.
Proceedings of the 22nd International Middleware Conference (ACM) 2021
For carbon and sustainability reporting, use hourly (not annual average) grid carbon-intensity profiles per region.
STULZ 2025
In the CDU selection tool let users trade approach temperature against heat-exchanger area and TCS delta-T, with Cases 1-3 as validation fixtures.
International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR 2024) 2024
In AI data-centre carbon estimation, compute operational (FLOPs, power, PUE, grid intensity) and embodied (chip area × CPA, memory and storage per GB) carbon together; in a renewable-powered facility embodied carbon rises to 92-95%.
arXiv preprint (math.OC), MIT Operations Research Center 2025
In data-centre carbon accounting, consider hourly locational marginal emissions (LME) rather than an annual-average grid factor; the LME-based intensity (about 672 kgCO2/MWh) was about 3 times the average factor (202).
Communications of the ACM (Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)) 2025
Separate withdrawal from consumption in water outputs, and default cooling-tower consumption to about 80% of withdrawal when water quality is good.
Scientific Reports (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 2025
In a building-integrated edge data centre, distribute workload to servers so outlet temperatures are as high as possible (within standard limits); recoverable heat rose by up to 17.1% over random distribution.
arXiv preprint (cs.SE); Skyworkz / Sustainable Digital Infrastructure Alliance (SDIA) 2023
Compute IT carbon as (Es + Eo) × I + M and allocate embodied carbon (M) for shared resources by time and resource share; define scope, idle-time and shared-resource attribution explicitly.
Ramboll 2019
Use as a reference case for the heat-export module: default the lift to 70-75 C via ammonia heat pumps.
IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)) 2017
In data-centre comparisons, do not use PUE as a cross-facility metric; normalise for IT load, weather and location, or state the same conditions.
Frontiers in Environmental Science (Frontiers Media SA) 2026
In AI data-centre investment assessment in hot, arid regions, weigh carbon, water, social and governance criteria together with explicit weights (0.40/0.25/0.20/0.15); indirect water (desalination energy) was about 0.68 times direct cooling water.
Huawei Digital Power 2022
Support CUE, WUE and a heat-reuse fraction next to PUE in reports.
National Institute of Standards and Technology 2025
Add media sanitization to the facility's storage and server lifecycle plan at commissioning, and label media with the confidentiality category of the system.
Challenges (MDPI AG) 2015
In data-centre electricity-demand projections use traffic-based extrapolation (traffic × annually improving energy intensity) as an upper-bound reference; the worst case is very high and the method was later criticised for overestimating demand.
Energy Strategy Reviews (Elsevier BV) 2024
In a data-centre renewable procurement strategy, weigh that annual volumetric matching does not deliver hourly clean supply (54% to 83%) and that 85-95% hourly CFE targets cut emissions more at a relatively small premium.
Caterpillar 2015
Give the generator module a prime-mover choice (diesel Tier 2 emergency, diesel Tier 4, gas recip, gas turbine), each with start time, full-load acceptance time and permitted non-emergency hours.
Open Compute Project Foundation 2025
Record in catalogue entries the type (gasketed/brazed), plate and gasket materials, AHRI certification, design pressure and temperature, code (PED/ASME) and EPD embodied carbon.
Open Compute Project Foundation 2024
Add a jurisdiction-aware compliance check: for German sites flag PUE 1.3 and the 10/15/20% energy-reuse targets by commissioning date.
Geothermal Energy (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 2026
Before linking data-centre waste heat to nearby building heating, check that site subsurface geology suits ATES and that the site is outside water-protection zones; only 13 of 19 sites did.
Hitachi Energy 2025
Support phased supply scenarios (off-grid hub then grid) with PV, BESS and generator sizing in the site/energy module.
Schneider Electric 2024
Structure embodied and operational carbon outputs by the nine categories of Table 2; map bill-of-materials lines to Category 2 subcategories (IT, power, cooling, other) and building materials to Category 1 core and shell.
Schneider Electric 2024
Add chemistry (LFP/NMC/NCA), module construction (bolted or welded), battery passport availability, take-back/EPR programme and declared recycled content to the battery catalog.
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