Topic guide
Browse publications on environmental impacts, carbon, resource use and life cycles. Compare assessment methods while reviewing their scope, data periods and reporting boundaries alongside the original sources.
97–120 / 201
Open Compute Project Foundation 2025
Provide a heat-recovery-station block in the site layout with space sized from capacity (plate HX footprint, 10 m2 per MW for heat pumps, about 43 m3 per MW per 30 minutes of storage) and a demarcation boundary to the heat host.
Caterpillar 2021
Give the fuel module a fuel-type choice: diesel (EN 590/ASTM D975), HVO (EN 15940) or blend.
Open Compute Project Foundation 2026
Write the slab embodied-carbon target into the specification together with an EPD requirement and tie it to national or regional benchmarks as a percentage; a 30% reduction against the control is a low-risk starting point.
European Commission, DG ENER (Viegand Maagoe and COWI) 2023
Add local design limits (Noord-Holland design PUE of at most 1.16, German 27 degree inlet temperature) as configurable warnings rather than hard rules, since some are drafts or local.
arXiv preprint (cs.DC) 2024
Add an embodied-carbon estimator per server SKU using the SCARIF linear model (5.01 kg per CPU core, 0.16 kg/GB SSD, 0.04 kg/GB HDD, 0.95 kg/GB DRAM, 83.08 kg x (year-2000), intercept -1100), and tag the result as an approximate, vendor-calibrated value.
Building Simulation (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 2020
When considering connecting a data centre to an ATES, make the yearly heat balance (imported versus exported heat) the first feasibility check; a continuously cooling data centre can shift it toward heat rejection.
arXiv (UC Riverside / RIT / Caltech preprint) 2026
Add a peak-day water demand output (annual average times peaking factor, default at least 2.2 for cooling towers, configurable up to about 6-10 for evaporative assist used only on hot days), and compare it with utility supply capacity in site screening.
Energies (MDPI AG) 2026
Set data-centre setpoints (air temperature, free-cooling threshold) together with waste-heat sales: warmer setpoints and more free cooling cut cooling electricity by about 45% but also cut recoverable heat to about 45%.
Socomec 2024
In preliminary sustainability calculations, estimate UPS manufacturing (A1-A3) carbon with the proxy value of 21.9 kg CO2e per rated kW and label it clearly as a proxy.
Nortek Air Solutions 2021
In a site/sustainability module, estimate annual water (m3), WUE and cooling energy for alternative plant types at a chosen SAT, using local water and power tariffs.
Joule (Elsevier BV) 2022
Where the tool shows national or global context figures or forecasts, label the method (bottom-up, top-down, extrapolation), the system boundary and the source, and prefer bottom-up or metered data.
Sustainability (MDPI AG) 2021
Calculate UPS load ratio (80% for 800 kW in a modular arrangement, 53% in parallel-redundant) and losses at design stage; consider specifying UPS efficiency at 30% load and compare a SiC-based power stage (above 98%).
Journal of Cleaner Production (Elsevier BV) 2025
In water-footprint planning, calculate on-site (WUE), off-site electricity (PUE × EWIF) and embodied hardware water as separate items.
Sustainability (MDPI AG) 2026
Do not size behind-the-meter battery storage on an emission-reduction case; round-trip losses mean storage alone adds nothing and can raise emissions. Justify it with a concrete duty such as masking checkpoint dips.
European Commission, DG CNECT (EY, Borderstep Institute, AIT, RP legalitax) 2025
When choosing cooling architecture assess waste heat temperature early: liquid cooling gives higher temperatures, even air cooling can give about 30-35 C as a heat-pump source; position the heat pump for the receiving network temperature (60-80 C or 4th/5th generation).
Open Compute Project Foundation 2025
In heat-reuse modelling, allow an adsorption-chiller sink with a minimum drive temperature (around 65 C).
Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 2022
When combining data-centre cooling and heat recovery for district heating in one heat-pump system, select the refrigerant among low-GWP alternatives with COP, PUE, ERF and payback together.
Energies (MDPI AG) 2021
Evaluate an absorption chiller driven by roughly 70 °C water from liquid-cooled racks to cut compression chiller load; calculate the hybrid saving from the two COPs with the closed-form formula.
Patterns (Elsevier BV) 2025
Use location-specific grid water-intensity factors (L/kWh), not a national average, when calculating indirect water.
ACM SIGEnergy Energy Informatics Review (Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)) 2023
In the storage catalogue, store embodied carbon per drive SKU: a default of 0.16 kgCO2e/GB for SSD (Tannu and Nair SEF) and a much lower HDD default.
Environmental Research Letters (IOP Publishing) 2021
In data-centre siting, assess the water scarcity footprint (m³ US-eq/MWh) and carbon intensity together with volumetric water intensity; they vary from 0.5 to 305 m³ US-eq/MWh by location.
arXiv preprint 2026
For EU projects, add an EED compliance module that flags facilities of 500 kW and above as reportable.
Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing (ACM) 2024
Keep embodied-carbon amortisation (TE x T/EL) in procurement, refresh and design-option comparisons, and use operational carbon only for runtime placement and scheduling recommendations.
Sustainability (MDPI AG) 2015
Compare HVAC options not only by on-site water use but by total water footprint including the grid's water intensity (WUEsource); the ranking can flip with the grid.
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