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Technical references added to the library in the last 90 days.

Sources
1044
Downloadable PDFs
270
Years
1984–2027

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25–48 / 1044

Research paperFree to read

arXiv preprint (National University of Singapore) 2025

A Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit Model for PUE Prediction in Data Centers

For an operations or digital-twin module, use the feature list as a practical minimum sensor set for PUE prediction: outdoor dry/wet-bulb, IT power, UPS power, CRAC power/capacity/SCOP, coil temperatures and airflow.

  • RFECV selected feature sets of {21, 28, 29, 32, 33, 43} features with the minimum MSE.
Research paperPDF

Energies (MDPI AG) 2020

A Comparative CFD Study of Two Air Distribution Systems with Hot Aisle Containment in High-Density Data Centers

In high-density HAC halls, prefer a raised floor to hard-floor supply; on a hard floor high-velocity jets can starve the racks nearest the CRAHs and draw hot air back into them.

  • On the hard floor, supply velocities of 10 m/s or more persisted to the eighth rack position, versus the fourth with a raised floor.
Research paperPDF

arXiv preprint (Texas Tech University / PNNL; submitted to Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews) 2026

A Critical Review of Grid Integration Challenges and Flexibility Opportunities for Large-Scale Data Centers

Base interconnection studies on staged, updatable facility data rather than a single static MW value; requested peak MW and annual energy alone do not establish integration.

  • Under IEEE 519-2022, voltage-distortion limits at the PCC are the system owner's responsibility and current-distortion limits are the user's; a scalar THD cannot rule out narrow-band resonance.
Research paperPDF

Proceedings of the Twelfth ACM International Conference on Future Energy Systems (ACM) 2021

A Guide to Reducing Carbon Emissions through Data Center Geographical Load Shifting

For geographic load shifting, consider locational marginal carbon emissions (lambda-CO2) as the signal instead of LMP or regional average carbon intensity; it gave the largest reduction (-1.44%).

  • Lambda-CO2 shifting saved about 0.14 t CO2 per MW shifted and still reduced generation cost by 0.27%; LMP shifting cut cost by 1.07% but saved less carbon.
Research paperPDF

Energies (MDPI AG) 2023

A Review of Flywheel Energy Storage System Technologies

In UPS designs that only need bridging until the generator starts, evaluate a flywheel as a battery alternative, checking that a 15 s-15 min discharge range and a generator start under 10 s are adequate for the duty.

  • Flywheel operating temperature range is -40 to +50 °C, with low environmental requirements and no contamination.
Research paperPDF

Energies (MDPI AG) 2020

A Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Fire Suppression

In Li-ion UPS and BESS areas, set up detection with combined smoke-heat detectors; do not rely on heat detectors alone.

  • In DNV-GL tests, F500, FireIce, PyroCool foam, Stat-X aerosol and sprinklers all extinguished the fires, but the water-based systems cooled better over time.
Research paperPDF

Fluids (MDPI AG) 2026

A Review of Thermal Management in Modern Data Centres: Water Usage Effectiveness and Heat Transfer Coefficients

Set WUE targets from the heat-rejection topology (dry, free-cooling, hybrid, evaporative) and not only the server-side cooling technology; WUE depends on the share of heat rejected by evaporation.

  • Dry facilities with closed-loop liquid cooling need essentially no water, while evaporative systems typically report WUE up to 2.5 L/kWh.
Research paperPDF

Electronics (MDPI AG) 2025

A Systematic Review of Energy Efficiency Metrics for Optimizing Cloud Data Center Operations and Management

In efficiency reporting do not make PUE the only metric; knowing its weaknesses (manipulation, optimal-condition reporting, ignoring IT utilisation), complement it with WUE, CUE and IT-side metrics (SPUE, PpW, ITEE).

  • Google reported a 2023 fleet-average annual PUE of 1.10 against an industry average of 1.58; Microsoft reports PUE and WUE together.

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