Technical guideFree to read
Cummins 2014
Alternator winding pitch and power system design
Add a windingPitch field to the alternator catalog and require 2/3 pitch (or flag) for LV 4-wire generator systems.
- 5/6 pitch Kp: 0.97, 0.71, 0.26, 0.26.
The engineer’s reference desk
Reference library
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Technical guideFree to read
Cushman & Wakefield 2026
Americas Data Center Update H1 2026
Use as context only: it supports defaulting to large-campus templates in North American projects.
- Region-wide vacancy 3.8%.
StandardCitation
IEEE 2023
An Investigation of Multi-Parameters Effects on the Performance of Liquid-to-Liquid Heat Exchangers in Rack Level Cooling (ITherm 2023)
Record controller type and supply-temperature stability (e.g. +/- C) in CDU catalogue entries.
- Fluctuations with amplitude under 1 C could converge into larger oscillations depending on settings.
White paperFree to read
Schneider Electric 2021
An Overview of Cybersecurity Best Practices for Edge Computing
Give every network-managed infrastructure device (UPS card, rack PDU, CRAC/CRAH controller, BMS gateway, sensor) catalogue fields for TLS support, RBAC support, IEC 62443-4-2 certification (SL level) and SDL certification.
- IEC 62443 has four parts; 4-1 covers secure product development and 4-2 the technical security requirements for components.
Technical guideFree to read
Vertiv 2018
An Update on Lithium-ion Battery Use in Critical Facilities (Safety Rules)
Give the battery catalogue chemistry (LFP/NMC/LMO/VRLA), kWh per cabinet, UL 1973 / IEC 62619 listing, BMS level and approved UPS models.
- VRLA batteries lose about 50% of life for every 10°C rise in temperature.
Research paperPDF
Energies (MDPI AG) 2018
Analysis of Air-Side Economizers in Terms of Cooling-Energy Performance in a Data Center Considering Exhaust Air Recirculation
In airside economiser design, plan exhaust grilles and the building envelope so recirculation stays below 5%; 15% recirculation raised energy about 6.1% for direct and 9% for indirect.
- The authors recommend placing exhaust-air grilles so recirculation is below 5%, or handling it in the envelope plan at design stage.
Monthly newsletter · free
Keep your reading list current
Once a month: new library sources, changes to Turkish regulations and upcoming data centre events.
White paperFree to read
Schneider Electric 2016
Analysis of Data Center Architectures Supporting Open Compute Project (OCP)
Offer reference architectures 'traditional 2N', 'OCP 1N', 'OCP 2N (no central UPS, 1N BBU)' and 'simplified 2N mixed-load (single UPS path)' in the topology builder; let a rack type declare power shelf, BBU runtime and PSU redundancy.
- Simplified mixed-load 2N costs a 3% premium over OCP-specific 2N.
Research paperPDF
ITEGAM- Journal of Engineering and Technology for Industrial Applications (ITEGAM-JETIA) (GN1 Sistemas e Publicacoes Ltd.) 2021
Analysis of Power Quality Parameters at Comparing UPS of Different Technologies
Choose online double-conversion UPS for loads where power quality improvement is expected; an offline UPS passes harmonics and unbalance through to the load side.
- Output power factor: offline UPS 0.95, online UPS 0.97 (PRODIST range 0.92-1.00).
Technical guideFree to read
Vertiv 2016
Analysis of Pumped Refrigerant Economizers: Supporting the California Energy Commission Approval of the Liebert DSE System for Use in California Data Centers
Add a pumped-refrigerant economizer DX type to the cooling-option library, with economizer hours modelled as a function of ambient, load fraction and return-air temperature.
- Refrigerant pump power is typically below 5% of compressor power for the same capacity.
RegulationPDF
European Commission 2026
Annexes 1 to 3 to Commission Delegated Regulation C(2026) 3472 - EU data centre energy (PUE) and water (WUE) efficiency classes, data centre label, and amendments to Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/1364
Translate PUE and WUE targets into A-G classes: class A needs a design PUE of 1.15 or below and WUE of 0.1 or below; the class D boundary is 1.5 and 0.6. Write the class target into the design specification.
- WUE classes: A <= 0.1; B 0.1-0.2; C 0.2-0.4; D 0.4-0.6; E 0.6-0.8; F 0.8-1.0; G > 1.0.
Technical guideCitation
Uptime Institute 2020
Annual Outage Analysis 2020: causes and impacts of publicly recorded IT service and data center outages 2016-2019
In reliability explainers, state that physical redundancy covers only part of outage risk.
- Scope: publicly recorded outages from 2016-2019.
Technical guideCitation
Uptime Institute 2023
Annual Outage Analysis 2023 - report landing page
Present outage statistics in the reliability report with uncertainty caveats rather than as precise probabilities.
- More than two-thirds of outages cost more than $100,000.
Technical guideCitation
Uptime Institute 2024
Annual Outage Analysis 2024 - executive summary landing page
Use it as a reference for annual outage statistics when justifying redundancy in the power chain.
- For 16% of respondents the latest outage cost exceeded $1 million.
StandardCitation
ASHRAE 2020
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 127-2020, Method of Testing for Rating Computer and Data Processing Room Unitary Air Conditioners
In the CRAC catalogue, record rated capacity and efficiency (NSenCOP) on the basis of AHRI 1360 / ASHRAE 127 test conditions.
- Standard 127-2020 is listed with product code 86408.
StandardFree to read
ASHRAE 2022
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 90.4-2022, Energy Standard for Data Centers - ASHRAE fact sheet
In the compliance calculator, compute annualised MLC and design ELC per segment (UPS, distribution, PDU) and compare them with climate-zone limits.
- The standard applies to data centres with power density above 20 W/ft2 and IT load above 10 kW.
StandardCitation
BICSI (via Cabling Installation & Maintenance) 2019
ANSI/BICSI 002-2019, Data Center Design and Implementation Best Practices (release announcement)
Keep BICSI 002 edition history (2014, 2019, 2024) in the standards registry for projects citing older editions.
- Previous edition; superseded by BICSI 002-2024.
StandardCitation
BICSI 2024
ANSI/BICSI 009-2024, The Standard for Data Center Operations
Reference the current edition of this standard in the operations checklist module.
- Related standard: ANSI/BICSI 002-2024.
StandardCitation
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) 2024
ANSI/TIA-942-C, Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard for Data Centers (TIA standard page)
Offer a rating-level selector (Rated-1..4) that is separate from Uptime Tiers.
- Revision C was published in May 2024.
Technical guideFree to read
Aksa Power Generation 2026
APD 2751 M Diesel Generator Set (Data Center) - Technical Datasheet
Add ESP and DCP kW/kVA, rated current, fuel l/h at 50/75/100%, exhaust flow and heat, radiator airflow and allowable external static, dimensions/weight and base tank as generator catalog fields.
- Fuel consumption at 100/75/50% DCC load: 528/390/264 l/h.
Technical guideFree to read
Consulting-Specifying Engineer 2016
Applying NFPA 75 in data centers
Define the IT room default as 1-hour separation, 3/4-hour doors and fire and smoke dampers at penetrations.
- Doors in the separation must be 3/4-hour rated.
Technical guideFree to read
Uptime Institute Journal (Uptime Institute) 2015
Arc Flash Mitigation in the Data Center
Include an arc flash incident-energy study placeholder and a labelling output for each switchboard in the electrical module.
- Incident energy is measured in cal/cm2.
White paperFree to read
Siemens 2020
Arc-fault mitigation in unit substations (white paper)
In the arc-flash module, evaluate incident energy at the LV main line-side terminals using the upstream MV device's clearing time, not the LV main's.
- MV primary fuse clearing: about 900 ms and 38.3 cal/cm2; LV main with 0.4 s short-time delay: 17.0 cal/cm2.
Research paperPDF
Standards (MDPI AG) 2026
Arc-Flash Hazards: Standards Development Framework in Facilities of National Importance in Healthcare and Data Centers
Schedule the arc-flash study after the coordination study and make that order a mandatory step in the project plan and model.
- Example studies assumed available utility fault current of 21,000 A for the 440 V residential service and 21,000-40,000 A for the 480 V/1200 A commercial service.
Research paperPDF
Energies (MDPI AG) 2023
Artificial Intelligence-Based Temperature Twinning and Pre-Control for Data Center Airflow Organization
For an operational thermal twin, define adequate sensor density covering supply, return, cold-aisle and hot-aisle temperatures and equipment power (728 points at 15-minute sampling in this study).
- The DQN controller cut PUE by an average of 2.6% and WUE by 2.5% over a year.
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