The engineer’s reference desk
49–72 / 1,044 sources
Energies (MDPI AG) 2020
In Li-ion UPS and BESS areas, set up detection with combined smoke-heat detectors; do not rely on heat detectors alone.
Energies (MDPI AG) 2025
For high-heat-flux chips, weigh the pump-power increase of complex microchannel cold-plate geometry against the thermal-resistance gain (for example 11.8%).
Fluids (MDPI AG) 2026
Set WUE targets from the heat-rejection topology (dry, free-cooling, hybrid, evaporative) and not only the server-side cooling technology; WUE depends on the share of heat rejected by evaporation.
Energies (MDPI AG) 2021
In a central plant without a WSE, raise the chilled-water supply setpoint to about 11 °C; at 15-17 °C, CRAH fan energy increased total energy.
Electronics (MDPI AG) 2025
In efficiency reporting do not make PUE the only metric; knowing its weaknesses (manipulation, optimal-condition reporting, ignoring IT utilisation), complement it with WUE, CUE and IT-side metrics (SPUE, PpW, ITEE).
Eaton 2018
Add charging method (float, opportunistic/ABM, Li-ion BMS) and automatic battery test capability to the battery/UPS catalogue.
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Eaton 2012
Provide a power-chain efficiency calculator by stage (transformer, UPS mode, PDU, PSU) including the effect of the A/B load split.
Schneider Electric 2011
In the power-chain efficiency calculator multiply UPS, transformer/PDU, distribution and PSU efficiencies at the actual load fraction rather than nameplate, and offer architecture presets for the five options with Table 1 values as defaults.
Technology Review for Carbon Neutrality (Tsinghua University Press) 2025
For racks where GPU/accelerator thermal design power exceeds 1,200 W, take liquid cooling as a mandatory design input, and weigh the initial cost (about 1.9-2.2 times air cooling) against TCO (up to 20% lower after 4 years, vendor figure).
Schneider Electric 2011
Add UPS placement (dedicated_ups_room, white_space) to the TCO module and charge room construction ($/ft2 or $/m2, editable by building type) plus occupancy cost for a dedicated room.
Applied Energy (Elsevier BV) 2025
In data-centre carbon accounting, state the method (Tier 1, 2, 3) and factor source (IPCC or national) when choosing a grid emission factor; simple methods can underestimate generation emissions by about 73%.
Uptime Institute 2009
In the generator catalogue, store the ISO 8528 rating type (COP/PRP/LTP/DCC) and runtime limits.
Open Compute Project Foundation 2021
Give rear-door HX catalog entries rated kW, fan power, coolant inlet temperature, flow, pressure drop and active/passive type.
Vertiv 2020
In the cooling-unit catalog record compressor modulation type (fixed staged, digital, inverter), fan type (EC/AC/VFD), valve type (EEV/TXV, PICV) and control mode (supply or return air).
Vertiv 2025
Add an AI load-profile object to IT loads (step amplitude %, repetition Hz, duty cycle, peak % of nominal) and use it in UPS and battery sizing alongside autonomy.
Data Center Frontier 2025
Model two separate network fabrics (front-end and back-end) in AI hall templates with separate pathways and fiber counts.
arXiv preprint (University of Alberta) 2025
Include rack-level templates for AI racks (32-34 kW air-cooled, 73-132 kW liquid-cooled NVL) with per-GPU power.
arXiv preprint (Cadence Design Systems) 2026
For layout iteration and add-load what-ifs, a surrogate that predicts only cabinet-inlet temperature (the compliance quantity) is cheaper and more accurate than full-field surrogates.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 2011
When users select airside economization, show a contamination note and suggest coupon monitoring rather than ruling the option out.
Consulting-Specifying Engineer 2022
In the layout checker, flag rows not in hot/cold aisle orientation and missing blanking panels.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 2016
In small-room projects, present air management in the airflow module as a package: containment, blanking and fan speed control.
Uptime Institute Intelligence 2024
Offer a 'liquid-to-air CDU / sidecar' as a DLC option.
Upsite Technologies blog 2017
Include server fan power rising with inlet temperature in the cooling energy tool (for example about +13% from 68 to 104 F for A3) so set-point optimisation minimises total energy, not PUE.
Upsite Technologies blog 2021
In layout rules, allow perforated tiles only in cold aisles.
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