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Uptime Institute Journal · 2014

Data Center Cooling: CRAC/CRAH redundancy, capacity, and selection metrics (Hussein Shehata)

When only perimeter CRAC/CRAH cooling is selected, warn above about 6 kW average per cabinet and require row, rack or liquid cooling for 20 kW and above.

• Passive hot-air-removal cabinets cannot remove more heat than the cold air supplied, debunking 20 kW+ per cabinet claims.

Cushman & Wakefield · 2026

Data Center Development Cost Guide 2026 (U.S.)

In the cost module, offer an all-in $/MW benchmark band with source and year and allow a market multiplier.

• Development costs up 21% per MW since the previous report.

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Center of Expertise for Energy Efficiency in Data Centers · 2023

Data Center Electrical Power Chain Tool, v2.5 (July 2023)

Benchmark the electrical loss model against this tool's structure: transformer, UPS and PDU efficiency curves by load factor, plus eco-mode.

• The July 2023 update added transmission and distribution (T&D) losses.

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory / U.S. DOE Federal Energy Management Program · 2026

Data Center Energy Practitioner (DCEP) Training Program

For US federal projects, add a compliance reminder for 4-yearly DCEP assessments.

• DOE Order 436.1A (2023) requires DOE elements to have data centres evaluated by DCEPs every four years.

Open Compute Project Foundation · 2025

Data Center Evolution: Powering the AI Revolution Sustainably (OCP EMEA Summit 2025 keynote, Madhusudan Iyengar)

Rack catalogue entries should carry a distribution-voltage attribute (48 VDC, +/-400 VDC, AC); flag 48 V in-rack designs above roughly 150 kW per rack as needing a sidecar or higher-voltage DC architecture.

• Related: OCP Open Rack V3, OCP Diablo 400 (Mt Diablo) power rack.

arXiv preprint (University College Dublin) · 2025

Data Center Model for Transient Stability Analysis of Power Systems

Expose UPS transfer thresholds (voltage %, frequency Hz), return-to-mains delay and staggering across UPS modules as design parameters, and warn when all modules share identical thresholds and delays, since synchronised reconnection can re-trip the grid.

• Cooling accounts for about 30% of total power of standalone data centers and is modelled as an induction motor.

Consulting-Specifying Engineer · 2013

Data center power strategies

Offer distribution-voltage options (208/120, 415/240, 380 Vdc) with automatic loss and fault-current comparison.

• 600 Vac reduces copper and fault current but yields no efficiency gain.

Aksa Power Generation · 2020

Data Center Power Systems

Keep both standby and DCC kVA per model in the generator catalog; where data is missing, use DCC ~0.9-0.94 x standby as a flagged estimate.

• Data-centre generator range up to 3,000 kVA standby.

Huawei Digital Power · 2022

Data Center PowerPOD 3.0 Technology White Paper

Add a 'prefabricated power train' block type (transformer, LV, UPS, feeders) carrying footprint, weight and a clearance envelope.

• Average rack power rose from 4 kW to 6-8 kW and is heading to 12-16 kW.

Schneider Electric · 2012

Data Center Projects: Advantages of Using a Reference Design

Store reference designs as structured objects with required attribute fields (IT kW range, redundancy N/N+1/2N for power and cooling, density kW/rack, annualized PUE, heat rejection type, estimated cost) plus linked one-lines, layouts and BOM lines (part number, qty, supplier).

• Graphics: electrical, mechanical and IT one-lines; layouts with dimensions and clearances of racks, PDUs, CRAC/CRAHs, UPSs, generators, switchboards, ATSs; 3D views.

Schneider Electric · 2015

Data Center Projects: Establishing a Floor Plan

Run the layout engine on a 600 mm / 2 ft grid with row-pair pitch presets A-D (14/16/16/18 ft), auto-selected from raised-floor, rear-door accessory, containment and density inputs.

• Rack-location estimate: room area / 28 sq ft (2.6 m2) per rack.

Schneider Electric · 2012

Data Center Projects: Growth Model

Capture the IT load profile at project setup as four fields (initial kW, minimum final kW, maximum final kW, ramp-up years, default lifetime 10 years), not one design load.

• kW = BTU/hr x .000293 and kW = tons x 3.52; each IT watt becomes a watt of heat, so the cooling profile equals the load profile.

Schneider Electric · 2011

Data Center Projects: Standardized Process

Model the project workspace as phases, steps and milestones (Prepare, Design, Acquire, Implement), tying each deliverable to an owner and to the downstream step that consumes it.

Schneider Electric · 2013

Data Center Projects: System Planning

Build an intake wizard that makes the six parameters (criticality/Tier, IT kW, growth ramp with uncertainty, target PUE, average and peak kW/rack, capex budget) required before layout tools unlock, with live trade-offs between them.

• Preferences are adjustable (overhead power cabling, wide racks); constraints are hard (slab height, floor load, columns, codes, TIA 942, work rules, elevator weight capacity).

Data Center Knowledge · 2024

Data Center Rack Density Has Doubled. And It's Still Not Enough

When a user places GPU servers in a rack, compute kW from server count and warn if the rack budget is exceeded (e.g. one DGX H100 = 10.2 kW).

• AFCOM average rack density: 6.1 kW in the first report, 12 kW in the 2024 report.

Danfoss · 2026

Data center solutions powering the digital economy

In the cooling-plant builder keep a component list per subsystem (chiller, CDU, pump skid, heat recovery) with fields for maximum chilled-water temperature, HX approach temperature and VFD THDi.

• Advanced Active Filter with SiC switches quoted at 98.2% efficiency.

Eaton · 2013

Data Center Trend: Distributed Power in the White Space

Allow UPS placement in the white space with an airflow-pattern attribute (front-to-back, front-to-top) and count its heat release in the hall cooling load.

• A 480 V UPS input/output needs no neutral (three wires) and thinner cables than 208 V; a PDU next to the UPS steps down to 208/120 V.

Legrand · 2022

Data Center UPS: The Essential Characteristics of an Optimised Solution

Give UPS records an architecture enum {conventional, modular, scalable_modular}, module rating, maximum parallel units, MTTR hours and a hot-swap flag; store efficiency at 25/50/75/100% load, not one number.

• Load-variation examples change efficiency by only about 0.5%.

ABB · 2022

Data center white paper: 2N low-voltage distribution system design, IEC standards, 0.5 MW IT load (Chinese edition)

Use it as a template for a '2N LV, 0.5 MW' starter project, auto-generating the RPDU, RPP, secondary board, UPS, main board and transformer/generator chain from rack count and kW/rack.

• Transformer: dry type, 10/0.4 kV, 1250 kVA, Z = 6%.

Teksan · 2020

Data Center White Paper: The Importance of Generators in Data Centers

Compare the generator start-plus-transfer time with UPS autonomy and show the margin in the design file.

• Tier IV allowable downtime is cited as about 0.8 h per year.

Danfoss · 2024

Data Centers and Energy: Reaching Sustainability

Report PUE, WUE and CUE together in the sustainability module.

• PUE, CUE and WUE are defined, with an example WUE of 1.8 L per kWh.