Security

National Institute of Standards and Technology · 2021

NIST SP 1108r4: NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards, Release 4.0

Decide which communication pathways scenario (high-DER, microgrid) applies to on-site generation, batteries and flexible load in the facility's electrical infrastructure.

National Institute of Standards and Technology · 2018

NIST SP 800-116 Rev. 1: Guidelines for the Use of PIV Credentials in Facility Access

Map data-centre layers (site perimeter, building lobby, data hall, cage or cabinet) to Controlled, Limited and Exclusion areas and set 1, 2 or 3 factors at each transition.

• Minimum authentication factors: Controlled 1, Limited 2, Exclusion 3.

National Institute of Standards and Technology · 2020

NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations

In data-centre power design, set PE-9 requirements for physically separated redundant cabling paths and automatic voltage control on critical components, and define the separation distance as an organisational parameter.

• Baselines and tailoring guidance moved to SP 800-53B.

National Institute of Standards and Technology · 2023

NIST SP 800-82 Rev. 3: Guide to Operational Technology (OT) Security

Zone the data centre's electrical (UPS, generator, ATS) and mechanical (cooling, HVAC) control systems as an OT network, separated from the corporate IT network by a DMZ.

• Network architecture should characterise, segment and isolate IT and OT devices, using the Purdue model, ISA-95 or an IIoT model, with a DMZ.

National Institute of Standards and Technology · 2025

NIST SP 800-88 Rev. 2: Guidelines for Media Sanitization

Add media sanitization to the facility's storage and server lifecycle plan at commissioning, and label media with the confidentiality category of the system.

• Cryptographic erase: at least 128 bits of security strength, key sanitization by ISO/IEC 19790 zeroization, ECB mode not allowed.

Fire (MDPI AG) · 2026

Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Grid-Scale Lithium-Ion Battery Energy Storage System Fire Hazards: Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) Toxicity, Suppression Effectiveness, and Comparative Compartment Design Analysis

Compare BESS compartmentation quantitatively: two compartments halve HF dose and IDLH clearance time, but IDLH is still exceeded for anyone in the room in full thermal runaway, so runaway prevention (BMS integrity, UL 9540A containment, emergency power off) must stay the primary control.

• Mean IDLH (25 mg/m³) clearance time with 9 ACH was 599 min for one compartment and 301 min for two; the probability of clearing within 5 min was 0% for both.

National Institute of Standards and Technology · 2024

The NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0

Create separate Organizational Profiles for a facility's IT, OT and building management systems (for example electrical and cooling SCADA/BMS) and state each Profile's scope.

• The Core has 22 Categories with Subcategories; the outcomes are not a checklist.

Scientific Reports (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) · 2017

Toxic fluoride gas emissions from lithium-ion battery fires

Add HF toxicity to risk assessments for enclosed battery rooms and BESS: take 20-200 mg/Wh of stored energy and compare the resulting room concentration with the IDLH (0.025 g/m³) and 10-minute AEGL-3 values.

• POF3 was measured at 15-22 mg/Wh, but only for one cell type (type A) at 0% SOC.