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Technical references added to the library in the last 90 days.

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1044
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1984–2027
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Technical guidePDF

Open Compute Project Foundation 2026

Single-Phase Direct-to-Chip Cold Plate Test Specification, Version 1.0.0 (OCP Cooling Environments: Cold Plate Sub-Project, effective September 3, 2026)

Reference the specification in a cold plate purchase requirement and state which tests, limits and sampling the customer requires, since many limits are examples.

  • Flow rate testing goes up to velocities below 1.5 m/s to ensure no erosion or leaks.
Liquid coolingReliabilityCommissioning
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White paperFree to read

Schneider Electric 2012

The Different Technologies for Cooling Data Centers

Use the 13 methods to seed the cooling-plant catalogue enum (dx_air, dx_glycol, dx_water, chw_crah, pumped_refrigerant, self_contained, rooftop, direct_fresh_air_evap, indirect_air_economizer)

  • 13 basic heat-removal methods are identified; 11 rely on the refrigeration cycle as the primary means
CoolingAirflow
White paperFree to readEditor’s pick

Schneider Electric 2024

The Different Types of UPS Systems

Store the IEC class code (for example VFI-SS-111) and the topology type on every UPS model, and compare models through those fields.

  • Standby and line-interactive units need almost 10 ms to detect a failure and transfer.
UPSElectrical
Technical guideCitation

NREL 2017

Thermosyphon Cooler Hybrid System for Water Savings in an Energy-Efficient HPC Data Center: Modeling and Installation (NREL/CP-2C00-66690, February 2017)

Place a dry stage upstream of the tower and size it against the share of hours where warm return water exceeds dry-bulb temperature by enough margin, as the 9.4 °C transition point does here.

  • Building heat reuse peaks at 0.434 MW of a 0.910 MW load, leaving 0.496 MW to reject to atmosphere.
CoolingLiquid coolingWater
Technical guideCitation

NREL 2018

Thermosyphon Cooler Hybrid System for Water Savings in an Energy-Efficient HPC Data Center: Results (NREL/TP-2C00-72196, September 2018)

Check whether the warm return water from liquid cooling (here 84 °F after energy recovery) leaves enough temperature difference to ambient for a dry or hybrid stage, and size it against local dry-bulb hours.

  • First-year heat rejection: 10.5% building heat reuse, 42.5% thermosyphon and 47% cooling towers.
CoolingWaterLiquid cooling
Technical guideCitation

Uptime Institute 2013

Tier Standard: Operational Sustainability

Build an operational-readiness score in the operations module: staffing model (24x7 on-site for Tier III/IV intent), maintenance programme (PM schedule, CMMS), training/qualification and procedures (MOP/SOP/EOP)

  • Current edition effective 1 April 2013
OperationsReliability
Technical guideCitation

Uptime Institute 2018

Tier Standard: Topology

For Tier III/IV targets, accept only generator ratings flagged 'continuous' or unlimited-hours in the sizing module

  • Minimum 12 hours of on-site fuel at N design load is the baseline; many sites choose 24-72 h
ReliabilityElectricalGenerators
Technical guidePDF

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Headquarters, Department of the Army) 2002

TM 5-693 Uninterruptible Power Supply System Selection, Installation, and Maintenance for Command, Control, Communications, Computer, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) Facilities (31 May 2002)

Calculate availability from MTBF and MTTR before choosing a UPS configuration; apply the same method to single-unit, N+1 and dual-redundant layouts to compare the gain from redundancy with the cost of the added components.

  • C4ISR facilities require a reliability level of 99.9999 percent (the six-nine rule), which may call for greater redundancy.
UPSElectricalReliability
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Technical guidePDF

Headquarters, Department of the Army (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers) 2007

TM 5-698-1 Reliability/Availability of Electrical & Mechanical Systems for Command, Control, Communications, Computer, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) Facilities (19 January 2007)

When writing an availability target into a data centre specification, state the measurement interval as well; the same downtime gives 95.83 or 99.86 percent depending on the interval.

  • With exponentially distributed failures, reliability at an operating time equal to the MTBF is only about 37 percent (e^-1 = 0.368).
ReliabilityElectricalCooling
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Technical guidePDF

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 2006

TM 5-698-2, Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM) for Command, Control, Communications, Computer, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) Facilities (6 October 2006)

At design stage carry out an FMEA for each critical system and record failure modes, effects and detection methods as input to the RCM decision logic; the text stresses that RCM starts in design and continues for the life of the facility.

  • For an exponential failure distribution with constant failure rate, an item with a 1000-hour MTBF has only a 37 percent probability of surviving 1000 hours of continuous operation.
ReliabilityOperationsCommissioning
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Technical guidePDF

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Headquarters, Department of the Army technical manual) 2005

TM 5-698-3, Reliability Primer for Command, Control, Communications, Computer, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) Facilities (14 October 2005)

Draw the UPS, generator and chiller chain as a series-parallel block diagram and compute system reliability on paper first, with the product rule for series parts and the parallel formula for redundant ones.

  • Series system reliability is the product of element reliabilities: R = R1 x R2 x R3.
ReliabilityOperations
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Technical guidePDF

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Headquarters, Department of the Army) 2006

TM 5-698-4 Failure Modes, Effects and Criticality Analyses (FMECA) for Command, Control, Communications, Computer, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) Facilities (29 September 2006)

At design stage run a functional FMEA of each critical system (power, generators, cooling); do not start without schematics, bill of materials, block diagram and the mission requirement.

  • The Risk Priority Number is Severity (1-10) x Occurrence (1-10), optionally multiplied by Detection: RPN = S x O x D.
ReliabilityOperationsElectrical
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Technical guidePDF

Headquarters, Department of the Army (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers PREP) 2006

TM 5-698-5 Survey of Reliability and Availability Information for Power Distribution, Power Generation, and Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Components for Commercial, Industrial, and Utility Installations (22 July 2006)

When modelling the power and cooling chain use these values as starting failure rates and MTBF/MTTR inputs and convert them into availability with the method of TM 5-698-1.

  • Diesel engine generators overall: 0.528 failures/yr, MTBF about 16,590 h, MTTR 24.22 h, operational availability 0.99399.
ReliabilityElectricalGenerators
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