Reference library

National Institute of Standards and Technology · 2021

NIST SP 1108r4: NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards, Release 4.0

Decide which communication pathways scenario (high-DER, microgrid) applies to on-site generation, batteries and flexible load in the facility's electrical infrastructure.

National Institute of Standards and Technology · 2018

NIST SP 800-116 Rev. 1: Guidelines for the Use of PIV Credentials in Facility Access

Map data-centre layers (site perimeter, building lobby, data hall, cage or cabinet) to Controlled, Limited and Exclusion areas and set 1, 2 or 3 factors at each transition.

• Minimum authentication factors: Controlled 1, Limited 2, Exclusion 3.

National Institute of Standards and Technology · 2011

The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing

Use the NIST terms when describing on-prem and SaaS delivery of the platform: an on-prem installation is a private cloud, a hosted service is SaaS.

National Institute of Standards and Technology · 2010

NIST SP 800-34 Rev. 1: Contingency Planning Guide for Federal Information Systems

Derive MTD, RTO and RPO from the BIA for the data centre and translate them into UPS and generator runtime, cooling redundancy and replication architecture requirements.

• Systems supporting mission essential functions must meet an MTD of 12 hours or less.

National Institute of Standards and Technology · 2020

NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations

In data-centre power design, set PE-9 requirements for physically separated redundant cabling paths and automatic voltage control on critical components, and define the separation distance as an organisational parameter.

• Baselines and tailoring guidance moved to SP 800-53B.

National Institute of Standards and Technology · 2023

NIST SP 800-82 Rev. 3: Guide to Operational Technology (OT) Security

Zone the data centre's electrical (UPS, generator, ATS) and mechanical (cooling, HVAC) control systems as an OT network, separated from the corporate IT network by a DMZ.

• Network architecture should characterise, segment and isolate IT and OT devices, using the Purdue model, ISA-95 or an IIoT model, with a DMZ.

National Institute of Standards and Technology · 2025

NIST SP 800-88 Rev. 2: Guidelines for Media Sanitization

Add media sanitization to the facility's storage and server lifecycle plan at commissioning, and label media with the confidentiality category of the system.

• Cryptographic erase: at least 128 bits of security strength, key sanitization by ISO/IEC 19790 zeroization, ECB mode not allowed.

Applied Sciences (MDPI AG) · 2024

Numerical Evaluation of Hot Air Recirculation in Server Rack

Make hot-aisle back pressure (hot-aisle pressure above cold aisle) a design input in contained aisles; server inlet temperature rises once back pressure reaches the fans' free-delivery point.

• A three-grid GCI study (1.22 to 1.99 million cells) selected a 1,799,871-cell trimmed hexahedral mesh with seven prism layers, near-wall y+ of about 5.

Buildings (MDPI AG) · 2023

Numerical Investigation of Thermal Performance with Adaptive Terminal Devices for Cold Aisle Containment in Data Centers

For hot-spot removal, before choosing lower supply temperature or higher airflow outright, compare the COP drop (3.2 to 2.6) and the energy difference (20.1% and 4.2%) with a rack-specific air distribution option.

• A grid study at 260,000 to 1,340,000 cells showed results stabilising at about 560,000 cells.

Batteries (MDPI AG) · 2026

Numerical Study on Effect of Ventilation on Fire Characteristics of Lithium-Ion Battery in Energy Storage Cabin

Define a designed, buoyancy-driven vent or relief path at the top of a storage cabinet; in a closed cabinet H2 forms a flammable layer under the roof, so control gas and heat build-up.

• H2 rose quickly and formed a growing flammable layer under the roof of the closed cabinet.

Challenges (MDPI AG) · 2015

On Global Electricity Usage of Communication Technology: Trends to 2030

In data-centre electricity-demand projections use traffic-based extrapolation (traffic × annually improving energy intensity) as an upper-bound reference; the worst case is very high and the method was later criticised for overestimating demand.

• In the worst-case scenario communication technology could use as much as 51% of global electricity in 2030 and contribute up to 23% of global GHG emissions.

Energy Strategy Reviews (Elsevier BV) · 2024

On the means, costs, and system-level impacts of 24/7 carbon-free energy procurement

In a data-centre renewable procurement strategy, weigh that annual volumetric matching does not deliver hourly clean supply (54% to 83%) and that 85-95% hourly CFE targets cut emissions more at a relatively small premium.

• Adding long-duration storage (salt-cavern hydrogen, 2.5 EUR/kWh) cuts the 100% CFE premium to 42% above annual matching; also adding clean firm generation cuts it to 15%.

Open Compute Project Foundation · 2015

Open Rack Specification V2, Revision 12 (Facebook part number 06-000060)

Add an ORV2 rack catalogue entry (600 x 1067 x ~2210 mm, 48 mm OpenU, 500/1400 kg IT-load ratings) so floor-loading calculators can use the correct footprint and point loads.

• The rack shall have entry and exit angles of at least 15 degrees.