Reference library

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · 2026

United States Data Center Energy Usage Report: 2025 Update

Use the 2030 ranges as context in load-growth and grid-request narratives.

• Lower installations give 578 TWh.

Open Compute Project Foundation · 2025

Unraveling the Efficiency, Performance and Sustainability Trade-Offs: Case Study of Liquid Assisted Air Cooling vs Traditional Air Cooling (OCP EMEA Summit 2025)

Distinguish LAAC (no facility water, heat still rejected to room air) from DLC with facility water in the server catalog, and do not reduce air-side cooling load for LAAC racks.

• CPU, NIC and DC-SCM were cooler; DIMMs ran 3-6 C hotter and SSD/PSU temperatures rose.

Eaton · 2018

UPS Installation Safety Requirements (Smart Tricks to Improve Power Supply Reliability series)

Add backfeedProtection (internal or external), Icw/Icc rating and required SCPD to the UPS catalogue.

• Amendment 1:2013, mandatory from February 2016: declare Icw or Icc with a specified SCPD.

Uptime Institute · 2025

Uptime Annual Outage Analysis 2025 (7th annual) - press release

When presenting availability improvements, emphasise procedure adherence and training alongside topology.

• IT and networking issues totalled 23% in 2024.

Uptime Institute · 2016

Uptime Institute 2016 Data Center Industry Survey (6th annual) - press release

In colocation or tenant scenarios, state explicitly that SLA credits rarely cover outage cost.

• 55% of enterprise-managed server footprints are flat or shrinking.

Uptime Institute · 2017

Uptime Institute 2017 Data Center Industry Survey (7th annual) - press release

Offer a 'distributed / IT-level resiliency' option in the redundancy selector, but do not automatically downgrade site topology because of it.

• 68 percent rely on IT-based resiliency (multi-site live failover).

Uptime Institute · 2019

Uptime Institute 2019 Global Data Center Survey (9th annual) - press release

In reliability analysis, weight on-site power as the single largest outage cause and assess redundancy (UPS, generators, distribution) accordingly.

• The 2019 survey recorded average PUE rising to 1.67.

Uptime Institute · 2020

Uptime Institute 2020 Global Data Center Survey (10th annual) - press release

Preset the default 'typical' rack density for enterprise halls at around 8 kW, and offer explicit high-density options.

• Mean rack density was 8.4 kW per rack.

Uptime Institute · 2021

Uptime Institute 2021 Global Data Center Survey (11th annual) - press release

Include WUE and carbon outputs by default in the sustainability report, since most operators do not measure them.

• Human error is involved in 79% of outages.

Uptime Institute · 2022

Uptime Institute 2022 Outage Analysis - press release

When selecting a UPS topology, cite UPS failure as the leading power-incident cause and offer a maintenance bypass and redundant modules as defaults.

• Power-related problems cause 43% of significant outages.

Uptime Institute · 2021

Uptime Institute Annual Outage Analysis 2021 (3rd annual) - press release

When building a failure-mode catalogue, list the UPS, ATS/STS and generator as the main power-outage contributors.

• 42% of operators had a human-error outage in the past three years.

Uptime Institute · 2024

Uptime Institute enhanced Management & Operations (M&O) Stamp of Approval - press release

Structure the operational-readiness checklist around the seven M&O segments.

• An Uptime page states that the assessment covers 106 behaviour areas.

Uptime Institute · 2026

Uptime Institute Five Data Center Predictions for 2026 - press release

Add an onsite primary generation scenario (gas turbine or engine) to the power module.

• Global data center power demand projected to grow 75-125 GW through 2030.

Uptime Institute · 2021

Uptime Institute Global Data Center Staffing Forecast 2021-2025 - press release

Use a design, build and operate role taxonomy in an operations staffing calculator.

• The forecast covers more than 230 specialist roles in nine job domains.

Uptime Institute · 2022

Uptime Institute Global Data Center Survey 2022 (12th annual) - press release

Use the outage-cost distribution to justify redundancy upgrades: over $100,000 is common and over $1 million occurs in roughly one in four to five outages.

• Average annual PUE was 1.55 in 2022 versus 1.57 in 2021.

Uptime Institute · 2023

Uptime Institute Global Data Center Survey 2023 (13th annual) - press release

Keep the default rack-density preset for enterprise facilities below about 6-8 kW.

• Most operators have no racks above 20 kW.

Uptime Institute · 2024

Uptime Institute Global Data Center Survey 2024 (14th annual) - press release

Compare the design rack density with the industry distribution; treat values above 30 kW as far above norms and trigger liquid-cooling and floor-loading checks.

• 55% of workloads are now off-premises.

Uptime Institute · 2017

Uptime Institute TIER-Ready Program for Prefabricated and Modular Data Centers - press release

Keep 'TIER-Ready (Uptime) status' as a metadata field in the prefabricated module catalog.

• Compass cited 1.2 MW blocks validated under TIER-Ready.

Nature (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) · 2025

Using life cycle assessment to drive innovation for sustainable cool clouds

Add a cooling-technology comparison calculator that computes annual energy as IT MW x load factor x PUE x 8760 and applies the paper's Table 3 deltas (PUE -3%/-6%, IT capacity +3%/+6%) and Table 4 savings ranges as tagged defaults.

• Switching to 100% renewable electricity cut GHG by 85-90%, energy demand by 6-7% and blue water by 55-85%; server embodied carbon became more significant.

ASHRAE · 2023

Using Network Modeling to Test for ASHRAE 90.4 Standard Compliance (2023 ASHRAE Winter Conference paper)

The tool can compute 90.4 MLC and ELC directly from its mechanical and electrical one-lines: segment losses, UPS efficiency at 100/50/25% load and hourly weather by climate zone.

• The authors argue that standardised tools would encourage states to adopt 90.4.

7x24 Exchange Magazine · 2024

Utilization of the IEEE Color Books in the Design of Data Center Construction (Daleep Mohla)

Link each electrical study type in the tool (short circuit, load flow, protection coordination, grounding) to its IEEE reference in tooltips and report headers.

TMMOB Makina Mühendisleri Odası (MMO) · 2023

Energy saving and carbon footprint effect of waste-heat use in data-centre AHU test laboratories (Veri Merkezi Klima Santrali Test Laboratuvarlarında Atık Isının Kullanımı Yöntemiyle Enerji Tasarrufu ve Karbon Ayak İzine Etkisi)

In the catalogue, add test-standard and witness-test fields for IEC/DC AHUs: ASHRAE 143 rating, tested capacity, factory witness test yes/no.

• Related standards: ASHRAE 143-2015, EN 308, ISO 14044, ISO 14064-1.