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Topic guide

Performance metrics

Explore publications on PUE and other data centre performance indicators. Before using a metric for comparison or design decisions, check its measurement boundaries, calculation method and required inputs against the original reference.

Sources
212
Downloadable PDFs
60
Years
2007–2026
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25–48 / 212

Research paperPDF

Resources, Conservation and Recycling (Elsevier BV) 2022

Climate- and technology-specific PUE and WUE estimations for U.S. data centers using a hybrid statistical and thermodynamics-based approach

In early data-centre design, set PUE and WUE targets by size class, cooling system and climate zone using this study's ranges (for example 1.71-2.22 for small rooms, 1.12-1.25 for large scale).

  • Airside economisers with adiabatic cooling (case 1) use less water than airside economisers alone (case 3).
CoolingWaterEnergy
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RegulationPDF

European Commission 2026

Commission Delegated Regulation C(2026) 3472 of 21.9.2026 supplementing Directive (EU) 2023/1791 and amending Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/1364 as regards the establishment of a common Union rating scheme for data centres (main act)

As labels will be issued every year from 15 August 2027, set PUE and WUE class targets (Annex I) at design stage for new and existing sites and build the metering infrastructure to the reporting requirements.

  • Labels are generated automatically by the European database every year from 15 August 2027 and are publicly available electronically in all official Union languages.
RegulatoryPerformance metricsEnergy
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Research paperPDF

Energies (MDPI AG) 2019

Comparing Performance Metrics of Partial Aisle Containments in Hard Floor and Raised Floor Data Centers Using CFD

In airflow assessment do not rely on RCI alone; RCI of 100% coexisted with RTI of 40-50%, showing oversupply and bypass. Report RTI and per-rack Capture Index together.

  • With supply cut by 50%, RTI rose above 80%, and recirculation appeared in all containment variants while RCI still looked acceptable.
AirflowPerformance metricsCooling
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Research paperPDF

Energies (MDPI AG) 2023

Cooling Technologies for Internet Data Center in China: Principle, Energy Efficiency, and Applications

In China, define project design targets from GB 50174-2017 temperature and humidity limits (18-27 °C, dew point 5.5-15 °C, RH at most 60%) and provincial PUE caps (for example Guangdong 1.25).

  • Cooling accounts for about 35-40% of total IDC energy consumption, the second largest consumer after IT equipment.
CoolingEnergyLiquid cooling
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Research paperPDF

Buildings (MDPI AG) 2024

Data Center Energy Evaluation Tool Development and Analysis of Power Usage Effectiveness with Different Economizer Types in Various Climate Zones

Choose economiser type by climate zone: consider indirect economisers in 0A/0B and wet zones (PUE 0.03-0.07 lower) and adding evaporative cooling in dry zones (0.02-0.05).

  • More than 95% of a data centre's total cooling load comes from heat generated by IT equipment.
CoolingEnergyPerformance metrics
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Technical guideFree to read

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (ENERGY STAR) 2026

Data Centers for Utilities (ENERGY STAR)

In the cost model, attach utility incentive data (rebates) to measures such as efficient UPS, containment and economizers.

  • A cited 2016 study put downtime cost at $9,000 per minute, driving risk-averse over-redundancy.
EnergyOperationsPerformance metrics
Research paperPDF

npj Clean Water (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 2021

Data centre water consumption

In cooling selection, add the roughly 25.5 million litres per year per MW of evaporative cooling water need and the potable share (57-65%) to the siting and water supply decision.

  • Raising chilled-water temperature from the usual 7-10 °C to 18-20 °C can cut expenses by 40%.
WaterCoolingPerformance metrics
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RegulationPDF

European Parliament and Council of the European Union 2023

Directive (EU) 2023/1791 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 September 2023 on energy efficiency and amending Regulation (EU) 2023/955 (recast) - Energy Efficiency Directive

If the site's installed IT power is 500 kW or more, provide in the design for the annual Annex VII reporting and the monitoring infrastructure (energy, power utilisation, temperature set points, waste heat, water, renewables); measurement is based on the EN 50600-4 family.

  • Art. 12(2): data centres serving exclusively defence and civil protection are excluded.
RegulatoryEnergyPerformance metrics
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Technical guideFree to read

Consulting-Specifying Engineer 2015

Driving data center PUE, efficiency

Include economizer control limits, part-load loss curves for each electrical stage and the redundancy topology as energy model inputs.

  • Water-cooled IT still rejects roughly 10-30% of cabinet capacity to air; such cabinets typically house 50-80 kW.
EnergyPerformance metricsCooling
Technical guidePDF

European Commission, DG GROW (Intertek) 2016

Ecodesign Technical Assistance Study on Standards for Lot 9 Enterprise Servers and Enterprise Data Storage - Final Report (Intertek, June 2016)

When buying servers and storage use SERT results and ENERGY STAR server specifications to compare energy efficiency; the EU Code of Conduct also refers to ENERGY STAR for procurement.

  • Standardisation requests reviewed: M/545 (computers), M/462 (telecom infrastructure) and M/543 (material efficiency).
RegulatoryEnergyPerformance metrics
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Research paperPDF

Frontiers in Built Environment (Frontiers Media SA) 2024

Effects and optimization of airflow on the thermal environment in a data center

Make aisle containment the default in raised-floor or in-row cooling: containment raised ASE from 65.69% to 85.57-90.25% and brought SHI close to zero.

  • Without containment, cabinet No. 19 had a mean inlet temperature of 30.1 °C and a maximum of 36.7 °C, and ten cabinets went above the 27 °C limit.
AirflowCoolingPerformance metrics
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