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PUE calculationUPS runtimeCoolant water qualityTEDAŞTier / TS EN 50600

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Research paperPDF

Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer (Tech Science Press) 2026

Evaluation of Local Thermal Environment in Operational Data Center

Before adding servers to an existing hall, measure the local thermal environment of the target rack in place with server simulators and score it with IOM; RCI, SHI or RTI average away within-rack non-uniformity.

  • Removing blanking plates raised IOM by 31%, 358%, 718%, 84% and 85% across the five layouts, with inlet temperatures up by as much as 29%; in two layouts IOM exceeded 2.0.
AirflowRacksCommissioning
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Research paperPDF

Journal of Physics: Conference Series (IOP Publishing) 2018

Evaluation of Oxygen Reduction System (ORS) in Large-scale Fire Tests

Compare ORS design concentration with the 15-16% standard-test values in VdS 3527 and EN 16750; since large-scale hard-limit LOCs (11.1% for cartoned commodities, 13.0% for uncartoned plastics) are lower, justify the design safety margin against them.

  • Earlier lab work found LOCs of 10-13% for cardboard, wood, PS and PE, below the 15-16% range from standard tests in VdS 3527 and EN 16750:2017.
Fire safetySecurity
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Research paperPDF

Buildings (MDPI AG) 2024

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Airflow Organization in Modular Data Centres Utilizing Floor Grid Air Supply

Choose raised-floor height of 600-800 mm and grille open area of about 40%; a 1000 mm floor gave only a small extra gain, and 20% or 60% open area pushed cabinet intake above 27 °C.

  • With cold-aisle containment entransy loss was 4450 kW·K, and with both cold and hot aisles contained it was 3500 kW·K.
AirflowCooling
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Research paperPDF

Batteries (MDPI AG) 2025

Experimental and Reduced-Order Modeling Research of Thermal Runaway Propagation in 100 Ah Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery Module

In LFP module design, evaluate inter-cell thermal resistance (interface insulation) together with measures that cut heat release to stop propagation; in the model an interface resistance of hR = 100 W·m^-2·K^-1 alone suppressed it.

  • Venting phases (vent opening to runaway) lasted 204 s, 399 s, 156 s and 309 s for cells 1-4.
Fire safetyUPSReliability
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Research paperPDF

Batteries (MDPI AG) 2026

Experimental Study on Fire Suppression of Lithium-Ion Battery Module with Different Extinguishing Agents in Confined Space

For confined battery packs and cabinets, evaluate a fast flame-knockdown agent (such as heptafluoropropane) together with an agent or approach giving long-lasting cooling (such as perfluorohexanone); no single agent stopped heat transfer to neighbouring cells.

  • Without suppression, peak HRR reached 69.09 kW and total heat release was 8.05 MJ, with multiple deflagrations after venting in the confined space.
Fire safetyUPS
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White paperFree to read

Schneider Electric 2018

FAQs for Using Lithium-ion Batteries with a UPS

Battery catalog: chemistry (VRLA, LFP, NMC, LMO, NCA, LTO, LCO), specific energy, design and cycle life, rated temperature, footprint and weight per kWh, recharge time and compatible UPS models.

  • Li-ion takes 50-80% less floor space and weighs 60-80% less.
UPSFire safetySustainability
Research paperFree to read

Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI)) 2025

Fast 3D Surrogate Modeling for Data Center Thermal Management

Offer a fast-preview thermal mode with a voxel surrogate trained on the tool's own CFD runs: inputs of rack power by segment, CRAH setpoints, fan speeds and vent locations; output a 3D inlet-temperature map in under a second for layout iteration.

  • Surrogate inference took about 100 ms against about 35 minutes for CFD; the abstract states about a 20,000x speed-up.
AirflowCoolingOperations
Research paperPDF

Sustainability (MDPI AG) 2024

Feasibility Analysis of Indirect Evaporative Cooling System Assisted by Liquid Desiccant for Data Centers in Hot-Humid Regions

Where plain IEC falls short in a hot-humid climate (high wet-bulb), consider a liquid-desiccant pre-stage; in the Hong Kong example supplementary mechanical cooling fell from 5092 to 31 h.

  • With a 25 °C supply-air threshold, supplementary mechanical cooling hours fell from 5092 h to 31 h per year.
CoolingEnergy
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Technical guideFree to read

STULZ 2015

Free Cooling for Data Centers

Model the cooling-topology choice with five options (direct air, indirect plate, thermal wheel, CRAC with glycol dry cooler, CRAH with chiller economiser), each with a footprint multiplier and an economiser start condition.

  • Older practice: return air at 22-24 C, supply air around 12 C.
CoolingEnergyAirflow

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