The engineer’s reference desk
601–624 / 1,044 sources
Uptime Institute Intelligence 2023
DLC design checks: CDU redundancy, TCS loop isolation and ride-through for pumps.
U.S. DOE Federal Energy Management Program / Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 2011
Add a retro-commissioning checklist to the commissioning module: reheat lockout, redundant unit staging and setpoint reset.
Sustainability (MDPI AG) 2026
For plenum imbalance, consider a 50%-perforated transverse baffle about 0.3 m from the unit outlet; 50% open gave a smaller resistance increase than 30% (8.5% against 18.7%).
ACM/IEEE (SC Conference) 2021
Let designers enter a seasonal cooling mode split (towers vs chiller trim) in energy models rather than a single PUE.
IEEE Access (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)) 2026
Define 800 VDC unipolar, ±400 VDC bipolar and 48/54 VDC busbar as separate voltage classes in the single-line diagram, each with its own conductor ampacity, breaker pole count and clearance (IEC 60664-1) checks.
Schneider Electric 2026
Keep design intent as first-class, exportable data: redundancy zones, operating modes, density limits, tier target and control philosophy attached to the model, not notes.
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BICSI ICT Today 2025
Catalogue liquid cooling systems with floor-load contribution, required sensors and cabling exit constraints (top-only for immersion).
arXiv preprint (cs.DC) 2024
Add an embodied-carbon estimator per server SKU using the SCARIF linear model (5.01 kg per CPU core, 0.16 kg/GB SSD, 0.04 kg/GB HDD, 0.95 kg/GB DRAM, 83.08 kg x (year-2000), intercept -1100), and tag the result as an approximate, vendor-calibrated value.
Schneider Electric 2016
In the monitoring design module let users scope BMS, EPMS and DCIM separately and assign each monitored asset (chillers, CRAHs, UPS, PDUs, rack PDUs) to one system with a protocol (BACnet IP/MS-TP, Modbus TCP/RTU, SNMP).
Eaton 2008
In the coordination checker store device type (fuse class, breaker with or without instantaneous, STD band) and use ratio tables or tested pair tables rather than curves when fault current puts both devices below 0.01 s.
Siemens 2016
Use the broad class bounds (B 3-5, C 5-10, D 10-20 times) as screening inputs in a selectivity study.
arXiv (preprint) 2026
Offer an SST/800 VDC front end as an alternative architecture template next to transformer + UPS, with its efficiency curve as a catalogue field.
Uptime Institute Intelligence 2023
In the IT load estimator, add utilisation and power-management inputs that affect IT kW.
arXiv (Texas Tech University) 2021
In a data-centre LV system with generator backup, run the arc-flash study for both grid-connected and islanded topologies, and check that the much lower islanded fault current (1,296 A instead of 22,793 A) does not lengthen clearing time.
Uptime Institute Intelligence 2022
Plan for lower supply temperatures, H1-class rooms or liquid cooling when high-TDP servers are selected.
Energies (MDPI AG) 2023
Select the two-phase immersion fluid by boiling point: it must boil below the 85 °C chip limit but not boil continuously at idle and raise condenser pump energy (HFE-7100 was chosen).
Fire (MDPI AG) 2023
When assessing non-gas, non-water suppression options, note liquid nitrogen only as a preliminary-stage option, and ask for full-scale testing and an occupant-safety analysis for oxygen depletion before taking design values.
Building Simulation (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 2020
When considering connecting a data centre to an ATES, make the yearly heat balance (imported versus exported heat) the first feasibility check; a continuously cooling data centre can shift it toward heat rejection.
Socomec 2010
Give the STS catalogue fields for rated current (A), IEC 62310 class code (CB/PC, neutral NC/NS/NI, BB/MM, S and T grades) and backfeed protection.
arXiv (UC Riverside / RIT / Caltech preprint) 2026
Add a peak-day water demand output (annual average times peaking factor, default at least 2.2 for cooling towers, configurable up to about 6-10 for evaporative assist used only on hot days), and compare it with utility supply capacity in site screening.
Energies (MDPI AG) 2026
Set data-centre setpoints (air temperature, free-cooling threshold) together with waste-heat sales: warmer setpoints and more free cooling cut cooling electricity by about 45% but also cut recoverable heat to about 45%.
ABB 2021
Keep internal-arc classification and test duration fields in the switchgear catalog, and arc-mitigation device type with operating time in the protection catalog.
Socomec 2024
In preliminary sustainability calculations, estimate UPS manufacturing (A1-A3) carbon with the proxy value of 21.9 kg CO2e per rated kW and label it clearly as a proxy.
Nortek Air Solutions 2021
In a site/sustainability module, estimate annual water (m3), WUE and cooling energy for alternative plant types at a chosen SAT, using local water and power tariffs.
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